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500 PLAIN ANSWERS
TO DIRECT QUESTIONS

STEAM, HOT WATER, VAPOR
and VACUUM HEATING

THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF HEATING EXPLAINED
IN A SERIES OF PLAIN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, WITH
TABLES, RULES AND GENERAL INFORMATION, FORMING
A COMPLETE TEXT BOOK AND MANUAL. A HELP TO
THE APPRENTICE AND JOURNEYMAN STEAM FITTER IN
PREPARING FOR EXAMINATION. A REFERENCE BOOK FOk
MASTER STEAM FITTERS, ARCHITECTS AND HEATING
CONTRACTORS.

ALFRED (i. KIN(i

Author of "Prntiieal Steam and Hot Water Heating,'
" Practical Heating Illustrated," etc.

PROFUSELY ll.l.l'STRATEU

NEW YORK

The Norman \Y. Henley Publishing Company

133 N.WSSAI STREET

1915

COPTRKJHT 1915

THE NORMAN W.

1 . ____^__ — _

HENLEY IM

BLI

SHI NO

ro.

•••

• ••

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• •• ••

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»••

- '•• • !
• • • •

• ••

Com position, Electro typing and Prwwwork
By Mac»rowan A Slipprr. N««w York, CS.A.

PREFACE

The rapid advancement in methods of heating and ventila-
tion compel the progressive steam fitter to read and study con-
stantly in order to keep abreast of the times and in touch with the
latest improvements. Systems of heating are now in almost com-
mon use which were unheard of three, five or ten years ago.

Text books and manuals on the subject of heating written a
few years ago are no longer up-to-date and are now of benefit to
the steam fitter only as books of reference, descriptive of the
history of heating up to the time of their publication, and giving
rules, tables and formulas for reference.

This work — in the form of brief questions and answers — is
intended as a guide and text book for the younger, inexperienced
fitter, and as a reference book for all fitters. All long and tedious
discussions and descriptions formerly considered so ilupottaai fca.ve-
been eliminated, and the theory and laws of heat and the Various'
old and modern methods and appliances used for "h^iin^ And ven-
tilating are treated in a brief and concise r^anaer:.- A". sJiffioCent
number of illustrations, rules and tables are included to" make
the book complete for handy and ready reference.

A. (J. King.
February, 1915.

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• ••

• «

• >

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•»

.• • •

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»•• • •

• • • •

• »• • •

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• •• •

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•••

CONTENTS

Page

The Theory and Laws of Heat : 11

Methods of Heating 13

Chimneys and Fuels 15

Boilers for Heating 23

Boiler Trimmings and Settings 25

Radiation ." 31

Steam Heating 42

Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Connections for Steam Heating 52

Hot Water Heating 72

The Two-pipe Gravity System of Hot Water Heating 75

The Circuit System of Hot Water Heating SI

The Overhead System of Hot Water Heating 84

Boiler Radiator and Pipe Connections for Gravity Systems of Hot

Water Heating 88

Accelerated Hot Water Heating *.M>

Expansion Tank Connections 109

Domestic Hot Water Heating 1 1(>

Valves and Air Valves 120

Vacuum, Vapor and Vacuo-vapor Heating 133

Mechanical Systems of Vacuum Heating 141

Non-mechanical Vacuum Systems 148

Yapor Systems KM)

Atmospheric and Modulating Systems 177

Heating Greenhouses ISO

Information. Rules and Tables ISO

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Figure 1 Plan of a square flue 15

2 Illustrating proper height of chimney 16

3 Smoke ascends a flue spirally 17

4 Effective area of long, narrow flue 18

5 Effective area of contracted flue 19

6 Effect of soot in offset of flue 20

7 Pop safety valve 25

S Steam gauge 26

9 Water column and gauge 27

10 Old style damper regulator 28

11 Method of attaching damper chains 29

12 A box coil 31

13 A corner coil 32

14 A "Harp" or miter coil 33

15 A return bend or "Trombone" coil 34

16 A direct-indirect radiator 35

17 An indirect radiator 36

18 Proper location of indirect radiator 37

19 Method of boxing an indirect radiator 39

20 The One-pipe method of Steam Heating 43

21 The Relief System of Steam Heating 45

22 The One-pipe Circuit System of Steam Heating 47

23 The Divided-circuit System of Steam Heating 48

24 The Two-pipe Method of Steam Heating 49

25 The Overhead or "Mills" System of Steam Heating 50

26 Method of bleeding a main when raised to a higher level . . 53

27 A reducing tee tapped eccentric 55

28 A 90 degree connection 56

29 A 45 degree connection 56

30 Effect of using a tee "bull-head" 57

31 Condensation returning through a 90 degree connection. . 57

32 Condensation returning through a 45 degree connection . . 58

33 Method of dripping a riser 58

34 A swing joint 59

35 A double swing joint 59

36 Methods of connecting steam radiators, one-pipe 60

37a Methods of connecting steam radiators, two-pipe 61

37b Methods of connecting steam radiators, two-pipe 62

37c Methods of connecting steam radiators, two-pipe 6)3

38 Method of connecting steam radiators, overhead system. . . 65

39 Method of establishing a false water-line 66

40 Showing difference of 14" in water line 67

41 A swing joint at bottom of riser f*°

42 Method of anchoring a riser

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Figure

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Riser supported on floor plate (59

Showing steam header on boiler — Elevation 70

Showing steam header on boiler — Plan 70

Return header on boiler 71

Method of crossing I beam with main 71

The Two-pipe Gravity System of Hot Water Heating 7t»

Branch taken from side of main 77

Branch taken from main with 45 degree connection 77

Double elbow used to divide main 7s

Method of connecting hot water risers 7S

Method of connecting hot water risers 79

The Eureka fitting S2

The Phelps Single Main Tee S3

The Overhead System of Hot Water Heating *.">

Method of connecting branch for overhead system Sti

The O S fitting SS

O S fittings used on drop supply risers N9

Radiator connected at bottom of both ends 90

Radiator connected at top and bottom of opposite ends ... 91

Radiator connected top and bottom of same end 92

Radiator connected for overhead system 93

Sectional view of Honeywell Generator 97

Generator connected to system in basement 9s

Generator in full operation {*9

The Milwaukee Heat Generator 100

The Phelps Heat Retainer 101

The Belknap Generator 102

The B Heat Intensifier 103

Method of branching from main lu">

The Honeywell Tank Circulator 107

Expansion tank connection — no circulation .....' 109

Expansion tank connection — circulation to tank 110

Expansion tank connection — circulation in tank Ill

Expansion tank connection — vertical for overhead system . 113
Expansion tank connection — horizontal for overhead system 114

Domestic hot water supply — vertical boiler 117

Domestic hot water supply — horizontal boiler I is

Domestic hot water supply — steam coil in boiler 1 10

Globe valve 1*20

Globe valve on horizontal pipe — imperfect drainage 121

Gate valve 1 22

Angle valve 123

Check valves 123

Gate valve with yoke 124

Steam radiator valve 125

Common hot water radiator valve 12»>

Packless hot water radiator valve 127

Honeywell Unique radiator valve 12S

Unique valve open — sectional view 12VJ

Unique valve closed — sectional view 130

Figure 93

• •

4 4

• 4

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• *

100

101

102

103

104

105

4«

106

107

108

109

• 4

110

112

113

«4

114

115

• 4

116

117

118

44
44
44
tt

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Simplex hot water radiator valve 131

Wood wheel air valve 131

Hot water key air valve 131

Webster motor valve on riser 141

Paul Exhauster — low pressure 142

Paul Exhauster — high pressure* 143

Paul system — down feed exhaust 144

Paul system — regular high pressure 145

Trane Vacuum Mercury Seal System 149

Trane-Paul Air Valve ! • 150

K-M-C Vertical checks — vertical tank 151

K-M-C Vertical checks — horizontal tank 152

Retainer valve — K-M-C system 153

Method of connecting relief valve — Gorton system 154

Impulse valve — Gorton system 155

Automatic relief valve — Gorton system 15*;

Dunham air trap 157

Connections to boiler and tank — Dunham system 15s.

Pump and condenser — Bishop-Babcock-Becker system .... 161

Quintuple valve — Broomell system 162

Union elbow — Broomell system 163

Receiver and regulator — Broomell system 164

Broomell receiver and regulator connected to system HW>

Receiver — Trane Vapor system lf>6

Showing installation of Trane Vapor system 167

Regulator, non-overflowing vent and traps — Vapor Regu-
lator Co 16$

119 Method of installing atmospheric system — Vai>or Regu-

lator Co 169

120 Ejector and condenser — Moline system 171

121 Method of installing Moline system 172

122 Baffler— Kriebel system 173

123 Controller — Kriebel system 174

124 Circulation through radiator — Kriebel system 174

125 Installation of Kriebel system 175

126 Method of piping a greenhouse 1S3

1*^7 Elevation of greenhouse piping system 1S4

THE THEORY AND LAWS OF HEAT.

i. Q. What is heat?

A. Heat is a form of energy or motion produced by friction. All
matter is made up of small rapidly vibrating particles or molecules.
The faster these particles vibrate the more heat is produced and the
more the body is expanded. This expansion is often carried to
such an extent as to transform the body into another state.

2. Q. Give an example of a change in the form of a body
due to heat.

A. The formation of steam from water.

3. Q. How is heat measured?

A. By the effect it produces. As heat is not a substance it
cannot be measured by the foot or bushel, nor can it be weighed
by the pound. It is calculated by the effect it produces upon
another body to which it is transferred.

4. Q. How is heat transferred from one body to another?
A. By conduction, convection and by radiation.

5. Q. Give examples of heat transferred by each of these
methods. *

A. The heat from a hot iron is transferred to another piece
of iron by contact with it, as when one end is placed in the fire
the opposite end becomes warm. This is transference by con-
duction. Water heated at the boiler and delivered to a radiator
by means of currents makes the radiator hot. This is heating by
convection. An object located near a stove or radiator is made
warm by the heat diffused and transferred to it by the stove or
radiator. This is heat transference by radiation.

6. Q. How is the effect of heat transferred from one body to
another measured?

A. By the Heat Unit.

7. Q. What is a Heat Unit?

A. A heat unit is a scale for measuring the effect of heat, and
all heating calculations are based on and measured by the heat
unit. There are three standards of measure: British, French and
German.

8. Q. Which of these measures is in general use in this
country?

A. That which is known among heating men and engineer*

KTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

as the British Thermal Unit (B. T. U.). This is the unit employed
in all American and British practice.

9. Q. What is the measure of a British Thermal Unit?

A. A British Thermal Unit (B. T. U.) is the amount of heat
required to raise one pound of water from 32 degrees to 33 degrees
on the Fahrenheit scale. This amount is measurable and always
the same, as would be one inch for length or one pound for weight.

10. Q. What is meant by the Fahrenheit scale?

A. Fahrenheit was a German who in 1724 invented the ther-
mometer and scale which are used in the United States and Great
Britain and British Colonies; the scale ranging from Zero (0) to
212 degrees, the boiling point, 32 degrees being the freezing point.

11. Q. What is the mechanical equivalent of heat or the
mechanical effect produced by its application?

A. One unit of heat is capable of raising 772 pounds weight
one foot high. This is termed "foot pounds." J. P. Jule, while
experimenting (1838), determined or discovered a definite relation-
ship between heat and work.

1 a. Q. What is meant by equalizing heat between two
bodies?

A. When a difference in temperature exists between two bodies,
solid or liquid, that come in contact wijh each other it is a law of
heat that their temperature will become equalized. There is
always a tendency for heat to flow from a hotter to a colder body.

13. Q. Give an example of the operation of this law?

A. Pour a gallon of water having a temperature of 50 degrees
into a vessel containing a gallon of water having a temperature of
100 degrees and the resultant temperature of their combined bulk
will be 75 degrees. Further, if the air surrounding the vessel is
60 degrees the water in it will cool until the temperatures of the air
and water are equalized.

METHODS OF HEATING.

i. Q. What methods are employed or what types of heat-
ing apparatus are used for warming buildings?

A. Open fires, stoves, hot air furnaces, steam, hot water,
vacuum and vapor heating apparatus.

a. Q. How do the various systems compare or rank in cost
of installation?

A. They rank (in the matter of first cost) very nearly in the
order named. Of the more modern methods hot air is the cheapest.
A steam heating apparatus costs about double that of a good fur-
nace installation. The ordinary hot water apparatus about one*
third more than steam, and vacuum and vapor heating costs from
one-quarter to one-half more than steam, depending upon the type
of system installed.

3. Q. How does each system rank in comparative running
expense or cost for fuel?

A. Approximately a building requiring twelve tons of coal to
warm it with hot air (with cold air supply) can be warmed by
direct steam with nine tons of coal, by hot water with eight tons,
and by a vacuum or vapor apparatus with eight or slightly less
than eight tons of coal.

4. Q. What is the average life of each system and the cost
for repairs during this period?

A. The average life of a furnace is from ten to twelve years
with approximately twenty-five per cent, of its 'first cost expended
for repairs. The average life of a steam boiler and system is from
twenty to twenty-five years with perhaps ten to twelve per cent,
of the original cost expended for repairs. The average life of a hot
water job is twenty-five or thirty years with a possible expenditure
of ten per cent, of its first cost for repairs.

As to the life of a vacuum or vapor job there is little available
data, but there seems to be no reason why such an installation
should not have a length of life equal to that of a steam or hot water
apparatus.

5. Q. What is considered to be the best system of hea**
A. The best system to install depends upon so many

that it is hardly possible to give an intelligent answer
tion.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VAITUM AM) VAPOR HEATING

Many houses and small buildings can be heated very satisfac-
torily with a furnace, and with the addition of a mechanically
driven fan hot air heating is very satisfactory for buildings of
larger size.

A steam heating apparatus is quick in action and in the results
obtained, and there is no building but what can be heated success-
fully with steam if the apparatus is properly installed. It is par-
ticularly adapted for use in variable climates.

Hot water gives a very mild and even heat with little attention,
and is particularly adapted for residence heating or for use in
steadily cold or uniform climates.

Vapor and vacuum are considered quick and efficient for use in
anv climate.

It may be well to add that special methods of installation and
special appliances increase the utility of any of the systems named.

CHIMNEYS AND FUELS.

i. Q. Having selected the type of heating apparatus to be
installed, what is the next important step to be taken in order
that the apparatus shall prove successful and economical in oper-
ation?

A. The provision of a good chimney of proper size.

3. Q. What are the essential features of a good chimney
flue?

A. A round, or as nearly a square flue as circumstances will

Fig. 1.— Plan of a Square Flue.

permit (Fig. 1), tile lined or well pointed; built straight up without
offsets to a point well above the highest point of the roof. (Fig.
2). The chimney should have no other smoke-pipe opening than
the one used for the heating apparatus.

3. Q. Why should a chimney be built round or square?

A. The smoke ascends a chimney spirally (Fig. 3); therefore
there is no circulation in the corners of a square flue nor in the ends
of a long narrow flue (Fig. 4).

4. Q. Why should a chimney flue be lined with tile or welt
pointed?

A. Friction of the ascending column of smoke and gases due to

STEAM. HOT WATKK, VACITM AND VAPOR H MATING

CH1NXKYH AND FUELS

particles of mortar overhanging in the flue is bad for the draft
and reduces the capacity of the chimney, and for this reason the
inside should be carefully smoothed or lined with tile. It is esti-
mated that a 100 foot tile lined chimney will have fifty per cent,
more capacity than an ordinary brick flue of the same height.

5. Q. What two principal factors has a chimney flue?

A. Area and height. Area for capacity and height for velocity.
A chimney must be able to pass sufficient air to properly burn the
fuel and carry off the smoke and products of combustion.

Fig. 3. — Smoke Ascends a Flue Spirally.

5. Q. What is the easiest method of increasing the draft in
a flue already built?

A. Increasing its height increases the velocity and consequently
adds to the effectiveness of the flue.

7. Q. How is the required area of a chimney determined?

A. By the area of the grate of the boiler or heater which it

8. Q. What shall be the area of a chimney flue as compared
with the area of the grate of the heater ?

STEAM, HOT WATEK, VACUUM AND VAPOR HKATIXG

A. From one-eighth to one-tenth of the grate area. For the
ordinary heating apparatus the chimney should not be smaller
than 8 x 12 inches.

SIZES OF CHIMNEY FLUES.

Round

1 Square or

Cubic Feet.

Square Feet

Square Feet
Hot Water

Tile or

Rectangu-
lar — TDe

Content* of

Direct Steam

Iron

Building.

Radiation.

Radiation. (

Inside.
Inches.

1 or Brick.
| Inches.

10,000- 20,000

250 to 450

300 to 800

8x8

20,000- 45,000

450 to 700

800 to 1200

8 x 12

45,000- 75,000

700 to 1,200

1 ,200 to 2,200

12 x 12

75,000-140,000

1,200 to 2,400

2,200 to 3,600

12 x 16

140,000-200,000

2,400 to 3,500

3,600 to 5,200

16 x 16

200,000-350,000

3,500 to 5,000

5,200 to 8,000

16 x 20

No chimney flue should be less than 8x8 inches square or 8
inches round, and a flue 8 x 12 inches will give better service.

"T
1

— /

m .

fHI

•
•

•*-

/a m

■

•

Fig. 4. — Effective Area of Long, Narrow Flue.

9. Q. What are some of the most frequent causes of trouble
or failure on the part of the flue to operate properly ?

A. Insufficient area or height, smoke pipe pushed into the
chimney too far, the chimney being contracted or enlarged at
some point, (Fig. 5), two or more smoke pipes entering the same
flue, poor shape or construction, and too abrupt offsets or clogging
with soot. (Fig. 6).

10. Q. What is combustion?

A. Combustion is a chemical action which produces heats

11. Q. In burning coal, coke, gas, or other fuel what is neces-
sary to produce combustion? \

CHIMXKYS AND FUELS

A. Tbe mixing of oxygen with the fuel. The gas (carbureted
hydrogen) and the carbon of the fuel must each be supplied with
the necessary amount of oxygen and be kept at the required tem-
perature to produce the chemical action necessary for perfect
combustion.

12. Q. How is the combustion of fuel in a heating apparatus
calculated?

Fig. 5. — Effective Area of Contracted Flue.

A. By the pounds of fuel consumed per square foot of grate per
hour.

13. Q. What is the average rate of combustion in a low
pressure steam boiler or house heating apparatus of modern
type?

A. It varies from three to five or six pounds of coal per square
foot of grate per hour depending upon the siee and character of
tbe apparatus and the condition of the chimney flue.

14. Q. What sizd of coal is the easiest to burn, and why?

STE.UI. HOT WATKK, VAUl'l'U AMI VA11IR HKATIMi

A. Large site, for the reason that it does not pack tightly and the
large air spaces between the lumps of coal allow the air to pas?
through it freely and mix readily with the gases in the combustion
chamber of the heater.

15. Q. Why is the use of a smaller size of coal deemed
advisable ?

A. It packs closer on the grate and acts a" a check on the air
passing through it. The air passing in smaller quantities is more

Fig. 6.— Effect of Soot in Offset of Flue.

readily heated and in mixing with the gases prrxluces more perfect
combustion.

16. Q. What kind of coal is generally used for a heating
apparatus, and why?

A. Hard or anthracite coal because it burns at a slower rate of
combustion; therefore lasts longer anil is' also cleaner to handle
and use.

17. Q. Why is hard coal cleaner and better than soft coal?
A. Hard coal contains only a very small percentage of volatile

CHIMNEYS AND Fl KLS

matter (gas) — usually seven or eight per cent. — and from eighty-
five to ninety per cent, of carbon, while the better grades of soft
coal contain from twenty to thirty-five per cent, of gaseous matter
and impurities to from sixty to seventy-five per cent, of carbon.
With the slow combustion required in ordinary heating apparatus
the small amount of oxygen admitted is not sufficient to burn the
gases in the soft coal without considerable smoking.

COMPOSITION OF COAL.

70 to 72
60 to 65
58 to 60
55 to 58

19
t?

Kinds. Volatile Matter (Gas). Fixed Carbon.

Anthracite 7 per cent. 85 to 90 per cent.

Semi-Bituminous 18 " " 75 to 80 " "

Bituminous 24 "

Semi-Gas 30 "

Coking 33 "

Gas 37 "

Combustible Matter \ l? l ^ ll % ^^W

'Fixed Carbon (Coke)

Non-Combustible Matter . ) Moisture (Water)

'Ash (Refuse)

r Volatile Sulphur (Disappearing in

Impurities < Smoke)

; Iron Pyrites (Causing Clinkers)

18. Q. What attention should be given the boiler to provide
for perfect combustion of the fuel?

A. Keep a good clean fire. Do not pack the coal tightly and
keep the fire clear of ashes and clinkers. Slow and regular com-
bustion is a preventative of clinkers.

19. Q. How should the fire be checked or combustion be
retarded?

A. By closing tightly the draft door admitting air under the
grate and checking the draft in the chimney by closing the damper,
and if further checking is necessary by opening the check damper
in the smoke-hood at the top of the boiler. Do not at any time
open the firing door as by so doing the cold air will pass over the
heating surfaces and chill the water in the boiler.

20. Q. How frequently should fuel be added for proper or
economical firing?

A. Once every eight hours for severe weather, once every
twelve hours for moderate cold weather, and once every twenty-
four hours for mild weather.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND YAl'OR HKATINCi

ai. Q. What should be the amount of fuel required for a
low pressure steam or hot water boiler?

A. A very fair estimate is one ton of anthracite coal per radiator
per heating year (six months) allowing 50 square feet of radiation
ior a steam radiator or 75 square feet for a hot water radiator.

22. Q. What exceptions should be made to this rule?

A. The addition of improved modern specialties to a heating
plant such as accelerating devices for hot water and vapor and
vacuum devices for steam will increase the efficiency of a heating
apparatus, and reduce the amount of fuel required. Poor methods
of firing, carelessness of attention, and certain conditions of draft
and chimney construction will increase the amount of fuel required.

BOILERS FOR HEATING.

x. Q. What types of boilers are commonly used for heating?

A. Cast iron sectional boilers, either round or square, having
vertical or horizontal sections, and round steel or wrought iron
boilers for small installations, and fire-box, tubular or water-tube
boilers for large installations.

2. Q. Which type of boiler is most generally used?
A. The cast iron boiler either round or square.

3. Q. Why is cast iron preferred to wrought iron or steel in
boiler construction?

A. Cast iron is considered to be less susceptible to rust than

wrought iron or steel and therefore is thought to be the better

material for a heating boiler that is idle or out of service a good

portion of the year.

4. Q. Why will wrought iron or steel rust more quickly than
cast iron?

A. Cast iron is simply melted ore with most of the impurities

removed which is moulded into the various castings of which the

boiler is composed. It is porous and not likely to rust. The finer

iron is worked the more the pores are removed and the greater

frill be its tendency to rust.

5. Q. What two factors are necessary in boiler construction?
A. Heating surface and grate surface.

6. Q. What is meant by heating surface ?

A". The heating surface of a boiler is of two kinds, direct surface
and flue surface. Direct surface is that portion of the boiler above
and surrounding the fire against which the direct heat from the
fire strikes or against which the direct heat waves from the fuel
impinge. Indirect or flue surface is that which receives the heat
from the burning gases in their exit from the combustion chamber
into the smoke flue.

7. Q. What is meant by grate surface?

A. The grate surface of a boiler is the cradle or surface that
holds or supports the fuel and is proportioned according to the
amount of heating surface contained in the boiler and to the radiat-
ing surface (square feet of radiation 1 necessary for a buiidinc.

8. Q. How can the amount of grate surface required in a
boiler be determined on a heat unit basis?

A. Determine the loss in heat unit< per hour for t":.r entire

tiTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

building. Dividing this sum by an amount equalling 60 per cent,
of the heat value of the coal to be used for fuel (if a good quality
of anthracite containing 14,500 B. T. U. per pound — 14,500 X .60
= 8,700) gives the weight of fuel to be burned per hour. Divide
this result by 3 or 4 for small boilers or 5, 6 or 7 for larger boilers
(these divisors representing the rate of combustion per hour) and
the result will be the grate surface required.

9. Q. How are fire-box, tubular, and water-tube boilers
rated?

A, By their horse-power.

10. Q. What is meant by the term "horse-power"?

A. A horse-power (H. P.) is the amount of work required to
raise 33,000 pounds one foot high per minute, which is equivalent
to 42.5 heat units per minute and which represents the energy
developed by evaporating 2,665 pounds of water into steam.

11. Q. How is the horse-power of a tubular boiler calcu-
lated?

A. Each 15 square feet of heating surface is considered equiv-
alent to one horse-power.

12. Q. How are cast iron boilers rated?

A. Their rating should be based on the amount of coal consumed
per square foot of grate surface and their efficiency. The character
of construction to a large degree determines the efficiency. Boilers
which have a large prime or direct heating surface in proportion to
the size of grate are more efficient than boilers with a large amount
of indirect surface.

13. Q. Why is a boiler with a large proportion of direct
heating surface most efficient?

A. Direct surface is more efficient than indirect or flue surface,
the proportion being about three to one. There should be only
sufficient flue surface to assist in consuming the gases and extract the
heat from the products of combustion before they leave the boiler.

14. Q. How is the radiating capacity of a heating boiler
usually rated and listed by manufacturers?

A. By the square feet of direct radiation (gross), steam or
hot water which a boiler of any certain size will supply for an eight
hour period of firing.

15. Q. What is meant by "gross" amount of direct radiation?
A. Boiler power or capacity is calculated at the boiler outlet,

therefore provision must be made for all piping as well as radiators.
(Various kinds of radiating surfaces, direct, semi-direct and in-
direct, are discussed elsewhere in this*book.)

BOILER TRIMMINGS AND SETTING.

i. Q. What trimmings are used on a steam boiler used for
heating?

A. A safety valve of the weighted or pop (spring) variety, a
low pressure steam gauge, a water column with water glass and
try-cocks, a damper regulator and a draw-off cock.

Fig. 7. — Pop Safety Valve.

a. Q. Where should the safety valve be located and for what
purpose is it used?

A. The safety valve (Fig. 7) should be located at the top of
the boiler and it is used to relieve excessive pressure of steam when
the pressure has accumulated to a point considered dangerous.

3. Q. What is the maximum pressure commonly allowed on
low pressure boilers?

A. From eight to fifteen pound*, depending upon the size and
character of the boiler.

JtTEAM, HOT -WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

4. Q. At what point on the boiler is the steam gauge located
and what is its purpose?

A. The steam gauge (Fig. 8) should be located above the
boiler and should be connected to it, or to the pipe connection to
the water column, by a siphon. Its purpose is to register the pres-
sure in pounds per square inch of the steam within the boiler.

5. Q. What is the water column (and gauge), where is it
located, and for what purpose is it used?

A. The water column (Fig. 9) is a hollow cylindrical casting
having a water glass extending nearly its entire length. It is
also tapped for and provided with two or three try-cocks. It is
located at the side of the boiler at such a height that the glass

Fig. 8.— Steam Gauge.

will be about half full when the boiler is filled with water to the
normal water-line. The top of the water column is connected
to the steam chamber of the boiler and the bottom of it to the
water space of the boiler, and its purpose is to show in the glass
the height of the water in the boiler.

6. Q. Why is the water column connected to the boiler as
above described?

A. In order that the steam pressure will be the same on the
water in the glass as it is upon the water in the boiler so that the
water-line will show its true height in the glass when steam is
carried at various pressures on the boiler.

7. Q. What is meant by a damper regulator?

A. A damper regulator (Fig. 10) is a device connected to the

BOILEIt TKl.MMIXtiH AND HKTTING

steam space of the boiler which regulates the draft and check
doors of the boiler, and is operated by the pressure of steam carried.

8. Q. How is a common form of damper regulator made and
how does it operate ?

A. Two castings in shape similar to an old-fashioned soup
plate are bolted together at the rim with a rubber diaphragm

,es

Fig. 9. — Water Column and Gauge,

between them. A plunger, resting on the rubber, protrudes
through an opening in the center of one of the castings. This
device is connected to the steam chamber of the boiler by a nipple
or short piece of pipe in such a manner that the pressure of steam
against the under side of the rubber will force it against and raise
the plunger (which is on the upper side of the device). Connected
to a lip of the casting and resting across the plunger is a long iron
rod from the ends of which chains connect with the damper doors.
As steam raises the plunger the rod tilts and operates the damper

KTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

doors of the boiler, the extent of this operation being governed by
movable weights placed on the rod; these weights are adjusted
according to the requirements of the work.

9. Q. How should the chains be connected from damper rod
to draft doors?

A. In such a manner that when both draft and check doors are
closed the damper rod will be level horizontally.

Note by Fig. 11 that weight C on the rod B is set away from
the regulator and holds open the draft door E. A very little
pressure of steam against the diaphragm of the regulator will raise
the rod to a level position, closing the draft door E as shown by the
second position. Should this not check the fire sufficiently and
the pressure continue to accumulate against the diaphragm it will

Fig. 10.— Old Style Damper Regulator.

raise the rod until it opens the check door F as shown by the third
position. The diaphragm regulator is shown at A, the smoke
hood at D and G represents the smoke pipe.

10. Q. What is a draw-off cock?

A. A water cock or valve having a full size free opening through
it which is placed at an extreme low point of the boiler for the
purpose of draining the water and sediment from it. If properly
constructed the cock should have a pipe thread at one end for
screwing into an opening of the boiler and a hose thread at the
opposite end for attaching a hose.

11. Q. What trimmings are necessary for a fire-box or tubu-
lar boiler used for heating?

A. If used for low pressure heating the trimmings are sub-
stantially the same as are required for a cast iron boiler.

12. Q. What setting is used for cast iron boilers?

liOILElt TRIMMINGS AND SETTING

a
E

tUl ~

S
I

5CT -

• • • • • •• • -

STEAM, HOT WATKK, VAiTrM AND VAPOK HEATING

A. The old method of setting cast iron boilers, particularly
those of large size, was to enclose them by walls of common brick
and by lining with fire brick any part of the setting which came in
contact with the fire. At this date nearly all cast iron boilers have
a portable setting. The sections are bolted together and the
exterior surface (excepting doors and front plate castings) are
covered with plastic magnesia or asbestos cement.

MATERIAL FOR BRICK WORK OF TUBULAR BOILERS.

Boilers — Single

Common

Fire

Sand

Cement

Fire CUy

line

Setting.

Brick.

Brick

Bushels.

Barrels.

Pounds.

Barrels.

~~ 30" X 8'

5,200

~ 320

192

30" X 10'

5,800

320

' 192

36" x 8'

6,200

480

> 288

2,4

36" x 9'

6,600

480

! 288

2?i

36" x 10'

7,000

480

1 288

36" x 12'

7,800

480

' 288

42" x 10'

10,000

720

; 432

42" x 12'

10,800

720

1 432

42" x 14'

; 11,600

720

n»4

! 432

42" x 16'

1 12,400

720

12H

! 432

48" x 10'

12,500 ,

980

100

12} o

590

48" x 12'

' 13,200

980

108

13H

590

48" x 14'

14,200

980

116

14 J 4

! 590

5?i

48" x 16'

15,200

980

124

15>*

! 590

54" x 12'

13,800

1,150

108

! 690

54" x 14'

14,900

1,150

117

690

54" x 16'

16,000

1,150

126

1 690

6J*

60" x 10'

13,500

1,280

108

13H

768

60" x 12'

14,800

1,280

118

768

60" x 14'

16,100

1,280

128

768

60" x 16'

17,400

1,280

140

17^

768

60" x 18'

18,700

1,280

148

i*H

768

** 1 '

66" x 16'

19,700

1,400

157

l9Vi

840

66" x 18'

21,000

1,400

168

840

72" x 16'

20,800

1,550

166

20^

930

72" x 18'

22.000

1 .550

1 75

930

13. Q. What setting is used for tubular or fire-box boilers?

A. Tubular or fire-box boilers are set in brick work. The
outer and end walls should be constructed of best hard burned
brick laid in cement and lime mortar. The fire-box lining should be
made of best fire brick laid on flat in thin clay mortar with close
joints and occasional header courses. The bridge wall should be
faced (at least partially) with fire brick. The ash pits and a small
space in front of the boiler should be paved with common brick
laid on edge.

•w

•>«

RADIATION.

i. Q. What is meant by the term "Radiation" or "Radiating
Surfaces" ?

A. As applied to heating, radiation means some form of hollow
metal surface through which steam or hoi water is circulated and
which, by contact with the air surrounding it (this air being very
much cooler), cools the steam or water, imparting its heat units to
the air of the room to be warmed.

a. Q. Of what material is the usual type of radiator con-
structed?

A. Cast iron or wrought iron. The early type of radiators

were made of wrought iron tubes screwed into a east iron base.
The manufacture of this type of radiator has been almost, if not
entirely, discontinued. A stack of piping termed a "*b<ix coil"
was also largely used in the early days of steam heating. Fig 12.
This was sometimes encased with ornamental cast iron panels at
scroll work and covered with an iron or marble top. Radiating
surfaces made of wrought iron as at present employed are usually
designated as pipe coils. The radiators commonly used are cast
iron made up of sections nippled together. Radiators with loope
made of shed steel are also used to surne extent.

RTEAM, HOT WATEH. VACTTM AND VATOR HEATING

3. Q. For what clan of heating are pipe coils generally em-
ployed?

A. As radiating surface for warming factory buildings, green-
houses, or conservatories, garages and other buildings where the
appearance of a pipe coil is not objectionable.

4. Q. What styles of pipe coils are in general use?

A. Corner coils, "harp" or mitre coils, and return-bend or
"trombone" coils.

5. Q. What is a corner coil?

A. A corner coil, as its name implies, is one which is located
at and turns a corner of a room, the elbows used on the piping

Fig. 13— A Corner Coil.

at the corner providing for the expansion and contraction of the
pipes. Manifolds or branch-tees arc usually employed in building
this style of coil. Fig. 13.

6. Q. What is a "harp" or mitre coil?

A. A coil built with a mitre ami shaped like the letter L, the
short end of the mitre being placed vertically when the coil is hung
in position. The mitre is used in order that the elbows will provide
for expansion and contraction. Fig. 14.

7. Q. What is a return-bend coil?

A. A return bend coil is a coil constructed with return bends

RADIATION

to allow for the expansion and contraction and its construction
allows a continuous flow of the steam or hot water through a single
pipe. Fig. 15.

8. Q. In building or making up a manifold coil what fittings
are used?

A. The neatest method is to employ right and left elbows at
the mitre. Common elbows may be used and the pipes joined to
the manifold with long screws or lock or jam nuts.

9. Q. Which type of radiator is the best for general use-
cast or wrought iron '

Fig. 14— A "Harp*

A. There is not much difference. Wrought iron radiators are,
if anything, more efficient, but are hardly as desirable as cast iron
radiators owing to the fact that cast iron radiators are made up of
loops or sections of several heights and widths, and a variety of
shapes and sizes may be had to fit any desired space.

10. Q. How many types or kinds of radiating surface are
in use?

A. Three; the several types of radiators are known as direct,
semi-direct or direct-indirect and direct radiation.

11. Q. What is a direct radiator?

A. Direct radiators are so called because they are located in

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

the room to be warmed and give off their heat directly to the air
within the room.

12. Q. Describe a direct-indirect or semi-direct radiator.

A. Direct-indirect or semi-direct radiators are so arranged
that they will warm fresh air conveyed from outside the building
through a duct or opening through the wall to a boxing forming
the base of the radiator, the air being warmed by passing upward
over the surface of the radiator as it enters the room. The duct and
base are provided with dampers so that the fresh air inlet may be
closed and when closed the radiator can be used as a direct radiator.
Fig. 16.

Venf for Hot Wafers

Venf for

>S/eC7/T7.

Fig. 15.— A Return Bend or 'Trombone" Coil.

13. Q. Describe an indirect radiator and the indirect method
of heating.

A. Indirect radiators are located outside of the room to be

heated and warm the room indirectly by warming a supply of

air which is then introduced into the room through a duct and

although they may be located adjacent to it. The" radiator is

encased in a boxing and a cold air supply from outside the building

connects with the boxing. Fig. 17.

14. Q. At what point in a room should a direct radiator be
located?

A. Along the most exposed and coldest wall of the room or under

a window on this side of the room.

15. Q. Why should the radiator be placed on the cold side
rather than on an inner wall of the room?

A. When located in this position the radiator will condense

RADIATION

more steam or cool the hot water more and therefore give off more
heat to the surrounding air than when located along an inner
wall or in a warmer position. The radiator along an exposed
wall draws the cold air to it, warms and expands the air, causing

Kg, 16.— K Direct-Indirect Radiator.

H to rise, and thus creating a circulation or turning of the air with-
in the room. If placed on an inner wall the radiator will draw the
colder air across the floor of the room and thus cause uncomfortablo
and dangerous drafts.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VAfTlM AND VAPOR BEATING

16. Q. What should be the location of a direct-indirect
radiator?

A. Tha same as a direct radiator. For the same reasons and
further that it is necessary to provide for an inlet through the
OUtet vail for the fresh air supply to the radiator.

17. Q. At what point should an indirect radiator be located?
A. The radiator itself should be located near to the register,

and the location ot the register in a room should be in the inside
wall or in the floor near the inside wall, or exactly the reverse of
the location for a direct radiator.

18. Q. What is 1
indirect radiation ?

A. Several sections of an indirect radiator when bolted and
nippled together, or assembled, are frequently referred to ae a
"stuck" or an "indirect stack."

19. Q. How is a stack of indirect radiation placed in position
for service?

A. It should be hung or suspended from the ceiling of the
basement on suitable bangers and covered with a easing made
of galvanized iron or beaded boards lined with tin. The stuck
should be hung in such a position that when encased there w ; ll be
an air space of from eight to ten inches in height above the radiator,
and from six to eight inches below it, and the casing should fit

RADIATION

tightly around the sides in order that the air will pass between the
sections and not around them. The cold air should enter at the
bottom of one end of the casing, and the hot air should be taken
from the top of the opposite end. Fig. 19.

20. Q. What air supply is necessary for an indirect radiator?
A. As a rule it is well to be generous in the size of air ducts.

Fig. 18. — Proper Location of Indirect Radiator.

both cold and hot, for use with indirect radiation, as each duct
should be provided with a damper which may be utilized to reduoe
the air supply. It is a hard matter to increase the efficiency of
too small an air duct.

From 1 to 1 x /i square inches of area to each square foot of radia-
tion for the hot air duct, according to the size of the radiator, is *
good rule to employ, and the area of the cold air duct sho

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

2^ to % of the area of the hot air flue. When the radiator serves
an upper floor the area of the hot air duct may be decreased from
20 to 25 per cent, and the area of the cold air duct may be slightly
increased.

SIZES OF AIR DUCTS AND REGISTERS FOR INDIRECT HEATING.

Cold Air Duct
to Stack.

Warm Air Duct

Registers.

8q.Pt.

Of
Redn.

For

Ftnt

Ploon

Square

Inches.

For

Upper

Floors

Square

Inches.

For

First

Floors

Square

Inches.

For

Upper

Floors

Square

Inches.

For
First
Floor
Inches.

For
Upper
Floors
Inches.

Radiator
inctMs.

40
50
60

70
80
90
100
120
140
160

100

110

120

130

35
40
45
50
60
70
75
90
105
120

60
75
90
105
120
135
150
170
190
210

100

110

120

130

10 x 12
10 x 12
10 x 14
12 x 15
12 x 15
12 x 19
12 x 19
16 x 16
16 x 18
16 x 20

8 x 10
8 x 10
8 x 12
10 x 12
10 x 12
10 x 14
12 x 15
12 x 15
12 x 18
12 x 20

1 x %

l x H
IK* i

\y A x i

Hi x 1

iHx iK

IHx IX
l^x IX

2 x IH
2x1^

ai. Q. What should be the size of the registers for indirect
heating? **.

A. The effective register area should be about 25 per cent.

greater than the area of the hot air flue connecting with it.

22. Q. What factors determine the amount of radiating sur-
face necessary for a building?

A. The cooling surfaces of the building.

23. Q. What are the cooling surfaces of a building?

A. The cubic feet of air in the same (cubical contents), the
outside or exposed wall surfaces, and the glass surface (windows
and outside doors), outside doors being considered as glass surface.

24. Q. How is the right amount of radiation determined for
each room in the building ?

A. There are a number of good rules for this purpose, any one
of which is reasonably accurate when used with judgment and
when the various phases of building construction, location and
exposure are considered.

One of the more simple rules is called the Mills rule or the rule
2-20-200; that is, for steam heating allow one square foot of radia-
tion for each 2 square feet of glass, one for each 20 square feet of ex-
posed wall surface, and one for each 200 cubic feet of contents.

RADIATION

For hot water heating add 60 per cent, to the amount required for
steam.

Figure separately for each room and tabulate the result to show
the total radiation required.

For example, consider a room 12'X16' in size having a ceiling
10' high, the 16' side of the room an outside wall and two windows

Fig. 19.— Method of Boxing an Indirect Radiator.

C 6'.

12 X 16 X 10 = 1920 cubic feet of contents.
6 X 10 = 160 square feet of exposed wall.

3X6X2= 36 square feet of glass.
t-fr 200= 10 feet for cubical contents.
20 = S feet for exposed wall.
2 = 18 feet for glass.

Total 36 feet for steam.

6+ 21 (60 per cent.) = 57 feet for hot water.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

25. Q. What condition other than size and amount of wall
and glass governs the estimating of all radiation?

A. The location of the rooms to be warmed; whether located
on the north or exposed side of the building or on the south or
warm side of the same.

26. Q. How are these conditions covered when estimating?
A. For rooms on the north or exposed side of the building add

10 per cent, to the amount obtained by the rule, and for rooms on
the south or warm side of the building deduct 10 per cent. When
locating the radiation in a large room such as a church or public
auditorium exposed on all sides, approximately 10 per cent, more
radiation should be placed on the north side than on the south
side.

27. Q. What rooms in a residence require special considera-
tion when estimating radiation?

A. The halls, dining room and bath room.

28. Q. What special treatment is necessary for each of these
rooms?

A. When estimating radiation for the hall, both lower and upper
halls should be considered together and the total radiation required
should be placed in the lower hall unless the upper hall is very
much exposed and isolated from the lower hall. The dining room
should be warmed particularly well, as being the first of the living
rooms to be occupied in the morning it should be quickly warmed,
thus requiring plenty of radiation.

The bath room should have from 25 to 30 per cent, more radiation
than the amount obtained by rule, as all bath rooms should be
particularly well warmed.

29. Q. How is the amount of radiation required for direct*
indirect heating ascertained?

A. By adding 25 per cent, for steam, or 35 per cent, for hot
water, to the amount of direct radiation obtained by rule.

30. Q. How is indirect radiation computed?

A. By adding 50 per cent, for steam, or 75 per cent, for hot
water, to the amount of direct radiation required.

31. Q. What amount of radiation is required for vapor heat*
ing?

A. Approximately 15 per cent, more than is necessary for steam.

A very good rule for computing radiation for a vapor system is

to multiply the cubical contents by 1J^, the exposed wall surface

by 25 and the glass surface by 75, add the results together and divide

the total by 200.

RADIATION

For example, consider a corner room 12' X 15' in size having a
ceiling 10' high, one outside door (with transom) 3' X 8' and one
window 4' X 6'.

12 X 15 X 10 - 1800 cubic feet of contents.
12 + 15 X 10 » 270 square feet of exposed wall.
3X8+4X6= 48 square feet of glass.
1,800 X \\b = 2,700
270 X 25 - 6,850
48 X 75 « 3,600

13,150
13,150 -r- 200 = 65 square feet radiation for vapor.

32. Q. What conditions require the addition of the various
percentages for hot water or .vapor heating to the amount re-
quired for steam?

A. Radiation required is based upon the maintenance of 70
degrees inside temperature with the thermometer at zero outside,
and radiation for steam heating based upon a pressure of 2 pounds
or a temperature of 219 degrees hot water upon a temperature of
180 degrees and vapor upon a temperature of 212 degrees (atmos-
pheric pressure) or a few ounces above atmospheric pressure.

STEAM HEATING.

i. Q. How many systems of steam heating are in general
use?

A. Strictly speaking there are but two — high pressure and low
pressure; although there are several modifications or methods of
installing each system.

2. Q. Which system is most frequently used when installed
for heating purposes only?

A. The low pressure gravity return system.

3. Q. What methods may be employed in installing this
system?

A. The one-pipe or the two-pipe method, employing a wet or
dry return. The one-pipe method may be installed as a circuit
system, or as a divided circuit system, or a relief system without
returns. The two-pipe system may be installed according to the
regular method by which both flow and return mains are run in
basement, or by the overhead method with the mains rim overhead
and the returns only in the basement. The overhead method might
properly be called a combination of the one-pipe and two-pipe
systems.

4. Q. Why are these methods designated as low pressure
gravity return systems?

A. Because of the fact that in the installation of each system
the piping is so arranged that the water of condensation from the
radiators returns to the boiler by gravity.

5. Q. What is meant by low pressure steam?

A. Steam at a pressure of from one to five pounds is ordinarily
considered as being low pressure although this pressure is often
increased to eight or ten pounds on a low pressure apparatus.

6. Q. What is meant by high pressure steam as used for
heating apparatus?

A. The ordinary acceptance of the term is the heating of build-
ings from high pressure or tubular boilers which are themselves
used for power or for purposes other than supplying steam to the
heating apparatus. The pressure may be 30, 40, 50, 100 pounds,
or more.

7. Q. Is it customary to use steam at high pressure in a heat-
ing apparatus?

STEAM HEATING

A. No. The steam pressure is ordinarily reduced by placing
a pressure reducing valve on the steam line, reducing it to a nominal
pressure in the heating apparatus.

8. Q. What form of heating from high pressure boilers is
used to a great extent?

Water Line. <-p I

AA -Automatic Air Vo/via,

Fig. 20.— The One-Pipe Method of Steam Heating.

A. Exhaust heating.

9. Q. What is meant oy exhaust heating ?

A. Steam is supplied at high pressure to an engine, pump or
other mechanical appliance requiring steam for power. The
steam after accomplishing its work in the cylinders escapes through

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

an exhaust pipe and but a very small percentage of its heating
value (possibly from 5 to 7 per cent.) has been utilized by the
engine or pump, and instead of allowing this steam to escape to
the atmosphere it is turned into the heating apparatus.

10. Q. For what other purpose is the exhaust steam com-
monly used?

A. To heat the boiler feed water. It is passed through an
apparatus called a feed water heater which heats the water required
for boiler feed purposes.

ii. Q. About how much of the value of the steam is required
to heat the feed water for the boiler?

A. Approximately 15 per cent. It is estimated that after
passing through the cylinders of the engine or pump and the feed
water heater there is still from 60 to 80 per cent, of its value left
for heating purposes, the amount depending upon the character
of the engine or pump employed.

12. Q. What is the one-pipe method of circulating steam?
A. The one-pipe method is that which has only a single pipe

connection to each radiator, the branch or feed pipe being arranged
to act as both flow and return, and a single main pipe conveys the
steam to the radiator and returns the condensation to the boiler.
Fig. 20.

13. Q. How should the supply branch be connected to the
radiator?

A. Always at the bottom of one end of the radiator, employing
but one valve in making the connection.

14. Q. How is the main flow pipe run on a single pipe sys-
tem?

A. The main (or mains — there may be more than one) is usually
taken from the top of the boiler to a point within a few. inches of
the ceiling above, from which point it pitches downward to the
end of the line, the pitch being from one-half to one inch in each
ten feet of length.

15. Q. Can the main be installed so as to pitch upward from
the boiler if circumstances so require it?

A. Yes, provided it is dripped or relieved at the low point in
order not to form a trap for the return water of condensation.

16. Q. What is a relief system?

A. A system on which all mains or flow pipes pitch upward
from the boiler, each being provided with a drip or relief pipe at a
point near the boiler through which all condensation is returned

STEAM HEATING

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

to the bottom of the same. The condensation from radiators
and piping may also be dripped or relieved by drip connections at
the base of each riser or radiator connection, these being connected
to a wet return. Fig. 21.

27. Q. What is the circuit system of piping and how is this
system installed?

A. A circuit system is one on which a single steam main rises
from the boiler to as high a point as convenient and then makes a
circuit of the basement supplying the various radiators by branches
taken from the main pipe as occasion requires. As a rule this
main terminates at a point near the boiler and an automatic air
valve is placed on the end and a drop made with a smaller pipe
into a return opening of the boiler. Fig. 22.

18. Q. What should be the difference in height be tw een the
end of the main and the water line of the boiler?

A. Not less than 14 inches and a height of 18 inches is pref-
erable.

29. Q. What conditions govern the height of the end of the
main or the distance between it and the water line of the boiler?

A. The size and length of the main as proportioned to the
square feet of radiation or condensing surface on the job. The
element of friction due to fittings and valves on the main is also
considered, as friction reduces the velocity of the steam which
affects the pressure drop at the end of the main. As the steam
pressure on the water in the boiler is much greater than on the
water in the return at the end of the line there is a point of equali-
zation in the return and this may be anywhere from 6 to 20 inches
or more above the water line, but on a carefully designed system
should not exceed 12 or 14 inches; therefore a distance of 14 inches
between the end of the main and the water line of the boiler should
be sufficient.

20. Q. What is the divided-circuit system?

A. This system is similar in all respects to the circuit system
except that the location of the boiler or shape of the building may
make it advisable to run the main in two circuits, one in either
direction.

21. Q. How should the returns be connected on a divided-
circuit system?

A. The mains usually terminate at a point in the basement
distant from the boiler and an automatic air valve should be placed
on the end of each main and the returns or bleeders from the ends

STEAM HEATING

Fig. 22.— The One-Pipe Circuit System of Steam Heating.

STEAM, HOT WATEB, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

;^ ; ^^jj^^;^

Fig. 23. — The Divided-Circuit System of Steam Heating.

STEAM HEATING

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

of each should drop and be connected together below the water
line, and the single or combined return should be returned wet to
the boiler. Fig. 23.

22. Q. Describe the two-pipe system of steam heating.

A. The two-pipe system has a flow and return connection to

Down.

Oomto

SHB^gaws^^

Fig. 25.— The Overhead or "Mills" System of Steam Heating.

each radiator or unit of radiation and a valve is placed on the
connection at each end of the radiator.

The main of a two-pipe system is run in the same manner as
for a circuit system; both it and the branch pipes are smaller than
would be required for the one-pipe system as the supply pipes

STEAM HEATING

accommodate the steam only, all condensation returning through
the return pipes. Fig. 24.

23. Q. Should the return pipes on a two-pipe system be wet
or dry?

A. Wet returns are preferable to dry returns for this system.
The whole system of returns should drain or pitch slightly toward
the boiler.

24. Q. What is the overhead or Mills system of steam heat-
ing?

A. The overhead or Mills system takes its name from the fact
that the main is taken upward through the building to the attic
or top of the system and all risers or connections to radiators are
supplied by drop risers from above, all drips from risers and returns
from radiators being connected into the main returns which are
run in the basement. This system was adopted by John H. Mills,
who was a prominent engineer and heating man in the early days of
steam and hot water heating, and therefore is known as the Mills
system. As all steam and water flow in the same direction there
is little friction and the system is therefore considered very efficient
and serviceable for any building to which it can be adapted. Fig.
25.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR

STEAM HEATING.

i. Q. What names are given to the various pipes which con-
vey the steam from the boiler to the radiators or pipe coils?
A. Mains, branches, risers and returns.

2. Q. What is a steam main?

A. By a steam main is meant those pipes which run horizon-
tally from the boiler along the ceiling of the cellar or basement to
convey steam to the various branches supplying the radiators
or coils.

3. Q. What is a branch or riser connection?

A. The pipe leading from a steam main and connecting with a
riser or a pipe supplying a radiator is called a branch or riser con-
nection.

4. Q. What is a riser?

A. A pipe which extends vertically through one or more floors
of the building from the end of a branch to the topmost radiator
supplied.

5. Q. What is a drop-riser and how installed and used?

A. A drop-riser is used with an overhead system of steam supply;
that is to say, a system on which the mains or distributing pipes
are run at the top of the system. The drop risers extend down to
the basement, feeding or supplying the steam to the radiators
downward, the condensation from the radiators flowing downward
with the steam.

6. Q. What is a return pipe?

A. A return conveys the water of condensation from the end of
the main and other points of the system to the boiler and may be
run above or below the water-line of the boiler. When run above
the water-line they are designated as "dry" returns. When run
below the water-line they are called "wet" returns, as they are
always full of water below the water-line.

7. Q. What is generally spoken of as a radiator connection?

A. Radiator connections are the fittings and short pipes which
connect the radiators to risers or branches.

8. Q. How should steam mains be installed?

A. The method of installation depends ,upon the character of

BOILEK, KADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR

STEAM HEATING

the work. The mains should always be carefully graded with
sufficient pitch or fall to insure perfect drainage of the water of
condensation which runs along the bottom of the pipe. They
should extend around the basement a few feet from the foundation
walls in a position convenient for connecting branches with the
radiators or risers.

9. Q. What is meant by a "break" in a main or by the term
" jumping the main" ?

A. Structural conditions of the building may require, or when
the rim is long it may be necessary to make, a rise in the main to a
higher level.

10. Q. How is the drainage taken care of under such a con-
dition?

\^<XM\

2 ,

s*r-

STTT

\& AvcMaW

Fig. 26.— Method of Bleeding a Main When Raised to a Higher Level

A. By a bleeder or drip from the bottom of the low point which
should be of sufficient capacity to accommodate the greatest
amount of condensation likely to accumulate at such a point, and
the bleeder or drip should be connected into a wet return or a
return below the water-line of the boiler. Fig. 26.

iz. Q. What is meant by a bleeder or drip?

A. A small pipe connecting a trap or low point of the piping
system with a wet return, and drips may be used at any point on the
piping'of a steam system to relieve accumulated condensation.

ia. Q. What should be the size of the drip pipe or bleeder?

A. The size depends upon the size of the main and the length
of the main drained by the drip. The following table gives the
sizes necessary, it being supposed that a main of proper size has
been installed.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AXD VAPOR HEATING

DRIP PIPE8 FOR STEAM MAINS.

Diameter of Steam
Main in Inchei.

IX to

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Length of Steam Main In Feet.

1 to 100

100 to 200

200 to 400

400 to 800

Diameter of Drip Pipe in Inchei.

H
l .

IX
IX
IX
IX

x
i

ix
ix

2
2
2

SIZE OF DRIPS FOR RISERS.

Square Feet of Radiation
to Be Drained.

to 50

50 to 100

100 to 250
250 to 500

Diameter of Pipe
in Inches.

X
1

This table is based on relieving the condensation from the main
p : pe only. If the condensation from the radiators enters the main
the size of the drips should be increased accordingly.

13. Q. What important matter should be provided for in
the installation of all steam piping?

A. Expansion of the pipes when heated, and contraction when
cold. Piping installed in cold weather has contracted in length
and when heated expands, the tremendous force of this expansion
often cracking the fittings. Expansion or swing joints should be
employed whenever necessary.

The expansion of wrought iron pipe under various conditions
is as follows:

EXPANSION OF WROUGHT PIPE.

Tempera-
ture of
Air when
Pipe is
Fitted.

Deg. F.

Length of Pipe When Heated to

Length

of Pipe

when

Fitted.

Feet.
100
100
100

215 Deg. F.

which corre-
sponds to

Atmosphere
Pressure.

265 Deg. F.
which corre-
sponds to 15
Pounds
Pressure.

297 Deg. F.
which corre-
sponds to 84
Pounds
Pressure.

338 Deg. F.
which corre-
sponds to 100
Pounds

Feet. Inches.

100 1.72

100 2.21

100 2.31

100 2.70

100 1.47

100 1.78

100 2.12

100 2.45

100 1.21

100 1.61

100 1.87

100 2.19

BOILER. BADIATOB, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS EOK
STEAM HEATING

Q. How can a main be reduced in size without forming a
trap or low place where condensation can lodge or without re-
quired for steam?

A By the use of reducing fittings tapped eccentric on the
reduced end.

15. Q- What is meant by eccentric fittings or fittings tapped
eccentric ?

A. An eccentric fitting is a fitting tapped with the center of
the smaller opening at such a point that the lower side of pipes
screwed or adjusted to either end will be on the same level. The
lower side of each pipe being 00 a level insures perfect drainage
through the fitting without forming a pocket in which the water
might lodge. Fig. 27 illustrates a tee with the small end tapped
eccentric.

ticcftrXxvc Svt iu.tvr>.« Tee..

Pig. 27.— A Reducing Tee Tapped Eccentric.

t6. Q. How are the branch pipes supplying radiators or
ters connected to a main?

A. Two methods are in general use, the 90 degree connection
1 the 45 degree connection.

17. Q. What is meant by the term "90-degree connection"?
A. The tee on the main which supplies the branch is set with
■ Bide opening looking directly upward and a nipple and 90

degree elbow are used to connect tho branch, Fig. 28.

18. Q. What is a 45-degree connection?

A. The tee on the main is set with the side opening looking
upward at an angle of 45 degrees, and a nipple and 45 degree elbow
are used for the branch connection. Fig. 29.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

19. Q. Is the use of a tee "bull-head," or used on the end of
a pipe to divide the flow, considered good practice?

A. A tee should never be employed in this manner as the friction
and unequal division of the flow will harm the efficiency of the
work. Fig. 30 shows the effect of such a connection, the arrows
indicating the direction of the flow.

F»

Qrcrnoh.

Afa/n.

Fig. 28. — A 90 Degree Connection.

20. Q. Which style of connection is preferable for use on a
gravity steam job where the condensation from the radiators
returns to the main?

A. The 45 degree connection allows the water of condensation
to return to the main without saturating the steam which occupies
the upper part of the pipe and is therefore the best for one-pipe
installations. Fig. 31 shows the condensation returning through
a 90 degree connection, and Fig. 32 the condensation returning
through a 45 degree connection.

4-5°EII.

£e

ran c h.

Main.

Fig. 29. — A 45 Degree Connection.

21. Q. When is the use of the 90-degree style of connection
permissible?

A. On two-pipe work or in the event of the branch pitching
away from the main.

22. Q. What should be the size of the branch as compared
with the riser or radiator connection fed by it?

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
STEAM HEATING

A. On one-pipe work the branch should generally be one pipe
size larger than the riser or connection to the radiator in order
to lessen the velocity of the steam in the branch and thus allow

fl\tx\W

^■*;»

Fig. 30.— Effect of Using a Tee ■Bull-Head."

the water of condensation to return in the bottom of the pipe
against the pressure of the steam.

On two-pipe work the branch may be the same size as the riser
or radiator connection as the drainage is made through a separate
pipe.

90'EHww

90' CormecWon.
Pig. 31. — Condensation Returning Through a 90 Degree Connection.

33. Q. When a branch pitches downward from the main
how is the water of condensation cared for?

A. By what is known as a heel drip at the base of the riser or

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

radiator connection; this drip pipe connecting with a wet return.
Fig. 33.

24. Q. What is known as a "swing" joint, and for what pur-
pose is it used?

4 5 # E\ W

4 5 CoTUfttcWoYV

Fig. 32. — Condensation Returning Through a 45 Degree Connection.

JCVaxtv

Fig. 33. — Method of Dripping a Riser.

A. A swing joint is made with two elbows and a nipple and is
employed to allow a pipe to expand at right angles to its alignment.
Fig. 34.

25. Q. What is a "double swing" joint, and for what purpose
is it employed?

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR

STEAM HEATING

A. A "double swing" or "universal" swing joint is made by
employing four elbows and nipples and when employed allows the
piping to expand in any direction without breaking the fittings
or without disturbing the alignment of the pipe. Fig. 35.

Fig. 34. — A Swing Joint.

26. * Q. How are radiators connected for the one-pipe system?

A. But one valve is employed and the connection is made to
one end of the radiator only; this pipe being of sufficient size to
accommodate the supply of steam and the returning condensation.

Fig. 35. — A Double Swing Joint.

Several styles of connections are used and those allowing for
expansion are the best. Fig. 36 illustrates some of these.

27. Q. How are radiators connected for the two-pipe system?

A. A valve is used on each end of the radiator ; that on the return
being generally two sizes smaller than the supply valve. The

BTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AXD VAPOR HEATING

separate connection on the return end is made to drain the radiator
of condensation. Owing to this fact the supply connection is
made smaller than that employed on the one-pipe system. Several
styles of two-pipe radiator connections are illustrated by Fig. 37.

38. Q. How are radiators connected when the overhead sys-
tem of piping is employed?

A. They are usually connected as on an up-fed one-pipe system

Fig. 36. — Methods of Connecting Steam Radiators, One-Pipe.

They may, however be connected with separate flow and return
if the conditions of the work demand such a connection. Fig. 38.
illustrates several methods,

29. Q. What causes "water hammer" or pounding in the
piping of a steam heating system?

A. The presence of cold water at low points in the piping
caused by imperfect drainage. These are commonly called "traps."
The water of condensation lodging at such points cools when the
supply of steam is shut off or the system allowed to cool and when
a pressure of steam is again turned into the piping and passes the

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
STEAM HEATING

pockets or traps the pounding occurs. This is due to the sudden
condensation of the steam which produces a vacuum in the piping.
T.he water endeavoring to fill this vacuum coming in contact with
the steam produces a snapping or pounding as of hammering on
the piping.

30. Q. Should return mains be run wet or dry, that is, above
or below the water-line of the boiler?

A. The method of running the returns depends upon the
character of the installation. They may be either wet or dry.

A dry return should have no other return pipes connecting into it.
If two or more returns are to be connected together the connection
should be made below the water-line. For two-pipe work the
wet return is preferred.

31. Q. How can this be accomplished when a portion of the
cellar or basement is not excavated?

A. By the employment of a false water-line to flood the return
piping.

33. Q. How is a false water-line created?

A. By trapping the main return at a point sufficiently high to
keep the pipe and connections full of water. The trap should be

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

bo arranged that it may be drained when desired. This is accom-
plished by making a connection from the bottom of the trap to
the wet return and placing a valve on the connection. A balance
or equalizing pipe should connect the top of the loop with the
steam main. Fig. 39.

33. Q. What difference in height should be maintained be-
tween the end of a main or dry return and the water-line of the
boiler?

A. Where pipes of generous size are employed a distance of
14 inches is considered sufficient although under certain conditions

it may be less or must be greater. Many heating engineers demand
a distance of 30 inches between the end of main and the water-line.
Fig. 40.

34. Q. Why is a distance of 14 inches between the end of
main and the water-line necessary?

A. Tables based upon accepted practice giving sizes of mains
for various amounts of radiation are conditioned upon a pressure
of 2 pounds to 5 pounds at the boiler, and a low velocity of the
steam with a drop in pressure at the end of the line of from ^ to 1'
pound. The difference in pressure (occasioned by the friction due
to the length of the main and fittings on the same) causes the water
in the return to rise above the level of the water in the boiler and

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
STEAM HEATING

this difference in height of water is provided for by keeping the
end of the main at a sufficient height above the water-line.

The reason of the rise of the water in the return is not always
understood. When the fire is started in the boiler the water in
the system stands level. As a pressure is created on the boiler
it lowers the level of the water in the boiler and raises it in the
return, the amount of rise being conditioned by the pressure of
steam at the end of the main.

Supposing the pressure at the boiler is two pounds and at the

Fig. 37C.
Fig. 37-A-B. — Methods of Connecting Steam Radiators. Two-Pipe.

end of the main one pound, a difference of a pound. The head of
water equal to a pound pressure is 26.67 inches; therefore, the
water in the return at the end of the system would stand 26.67
inches above the water in the boiler. Small mains increase this
difference and large mains reduce it, therefore generous size mains
should be used.

35. Q. Are rules given for determining the sizes of mains for
low pressure steam heating?

A. Several very good rules are given but it should be stated
that no two heating engineers agree exactly in their idea* of size.
Baldwin has a simple rule as follows: To find the number of

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

square feet of heating surface a steam main will supply, square
the diameter of the main in inches and multiply by 100. Example:
A 2-inch main 50 feet in length. How many square feet of radiation
will it supply?

2 X 2 (2 inches squared) X 100 = 400 square feet.

To find the size of steam main required to supply a given amount
of radiation, point off two places in the amount of radiation given
and find the square root of the remainder. Example: To supply
400 square feet of radiation with a main 50 feet long — 4.00 (two
places pointed off) = 4.

The square root of 4 is 2 (2 X 2 = 4), therefore a 2-inch main
is required.

An increase in the length of a main or in the number of fittings
used increases the frictional resistance to the flow of steam and
demands an increase in the size of it.

SIZE OF 'STEAM MAINS,

i-PIPE SYSTEM.

length of Ulln in Fee

Direct, I 1 I I ! ; I I

S?'nt« 20 40 80 10 ? 20 ° 300 400 600 ! 1000 :gS&£

Surface I | | | I I

DLnmt'tiT erf Plpv in Inch™.

150 i;

300 2
450 2
900 2)
1200 3
1600 3!
2000. 4
2500 1 4
4500| 5
0500' 5
9(100. 6
11,000; 7

ih! i;.2i

2 | 2

2H! 2} 2!

3 ' 3

m 31 2

4 i 4 1
i'A 4'.,

2V-

114

IV,

iV,

IV,

iV,

•/.

2V,

■1

3«

III

*V,

Note

36. Q. How is the expansion of the piping of a steam job
provided for?

A. By the use of expansion hangers on the main and by swing
or expansion joints on mains or risers. Mains supported on
expansion hangers can move in either direction as the pipe expands
or contracts.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS Ft Hi

STEAM HKATING

Q. In the case of risers, in what direction is the expan-
sion, and how can they be supported to allow for it?

A- The expansion of a riser is either up or down. For an ordi-
niiry two or three story job this expansion may be provided for
by a swing joint at base of riser. Fig. 41. For a riser of consider-
able length the expansion may be directed both upward and down-
ward by anchoring the riser near the middle of its length. Fig. 42.

38. Q. How can a riser be supported without the employ-
ment of hangers?

A. By using a coupling on the riser which rests upon a Boor
plate. The riser is cut to such a length that in coupling on the
extension the bottom of the coupling will rest upon the floor plate
which is a neat and practical method to employ. Fig. 43.

39. Q. What should be the area of the riser or risers out of
the boiler as compared with the area of the main or mains?

A. The risere out of boiler should be from 30 to 50 per cent,
greater in area than the mains which they feed. Fig. 40.

40. Q. What is the reason for employing boiler risers or
steam connections so much greater in area than the mains?

A. Because it is advisable that the initial velocity of the steam

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR BEATING

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR

STEAM HEATING

as it leaves the boiler should be as much below the velocity of the
steam in the main as possible in order to prevent the lifting of the
water into the main.

41. Q. What would be the result of making risers and mains
of equal area?

A. The velocity of steam in a vertical pipe is so much greater
than in a horizontal pipe that under conditions of heavy firing
or the presence of a little oil or dirt in the boiler a steady water-line

l"JKoAtK

3 -a

.rat** ihp

Fig. 40. — Showing Difference of 14 Inches in Water Line.

could not be maintained as the steam will carry water into the
main and under certain conditions siphon the water from the boiler.

42. Q. Is the employment of a steam header on a boiler
advisable?

A. The use of a header is good practice, particularly on sectional
boilers having several steam outlets, and when properly constructed
will prevent siphonage of the water into the mains and also provides
for every movement of the pipe in expanding and contracting.
A header filters the steam supply and insures dryer steam in the
heating system. Fig. 44 shows an elevation of a steam header
properly connected and Fig. 45 a plan of the same.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR UEATINU

Riser-

Q-.

^Sou/no Join +

-Main

Fig. 41. — A Swing Joint at Bottom of Riser.

.A?/ 5 e /r-

Fig. 42. — Method of Anchoring a Riser.

BOILKK, KADJATOB, AND PIPE CONNIPTIONS FOB
STEAM HEATING

43- Q- What is an equalizing pipe, and for what use is it
employed?

A. When two or more boilers are connected together or in
battery a pipe connection between the steam space of each boiler,
with a drip connecting to the return header, equalizes the pressure
in the boilers and maintains iin equal water-line in each. A large
drip pipe connecting the header of a boiler with the return is also
known as an equalizing pipe. It drains the condensation from the

,nd equalizes the pressi

the return. An equalizing

pipe of this character is shown in the illustrations, Figs. 44 and 45.

44. Q. What is a return header, and for what purpose is it
used?

A. When two or more boilers are connected together it is ad-
visable to run a pipe across the rear of the boilers and connect the
return openings of each boiler to it. This is called a return header
and its use permits an equal distribution of the return water to
each boiler. The return pipes from the heating system may then
lie connected to this header at any convenient point. Fig. 46.
On work requiring a single sectional boiler of large size it is advisable
to use a return header.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

rMoln

[

(

Fig. 44. — Showing Steam Header on Boiler. — Elevation.

(

\\. .

i f

jib

) Sw/'na

Fig. 45.— Showing Steam Header on Boiler.— Plan.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOB

STEAM HEATING

45. Q. When it is necessary to pass over a beam with the
main of a circuit job, how can the condensation be taken care of
without bleeding or dripping the main ?

A. By a drainage connection from the main on one side of the
beam to the main on opposite side as shown by Fig. 47. The
condensation will rise to its level on the low side and continue along

Fig. 47.— Method of Crossing I Beam With Main.

the bottom of the main. The small pipe for conveying the con-
densation under the beam should be of sufficient size to pass all
water and it should be carefully graded to pitch with the main.
Provisions for draining the pocket may be made if desired by using
a plugged tee at the low end in place of an elbow or inserting a
drainage cock at this point.

HOT WATER HEATING.

i. Q. How are hot water heating systems classified?

A. As open systems — meaning systems which are open or
vented to the atmosphere — and closed systems, which are systems
closed to the atmosphere by sealing the outlet of the expansion
tank. The latter is sometimes designated as a "pressure" system.
There are several methods of installing the piping for either system
and each of these methods is frequently called a "system" although
they differ only in the manner of installations, the principle of
circulation remaining the same.

2. Q. What type of hot water apparatus was the first to be
employed commercially?

A. The closed or high pressure system. This was first in general
use in England and was known as the Perkins system from the
fact that a firm of foundrymen and engineers named Perkins and
Son developed and used this system.

3. Q. When did hot water heating come into general use in
the United States?

A. Not until the period 1875 to 1885, although hot water heat
had been extensively used in Canada for several years previous to
1875.

4. Q. What system of piping was employed at this time?

A. The open tank system was the method ordinarily used
although the closed or pressure system had also been employed to
some extent, but had never met with popular favor.

5. Q. What advantages are claimed for the closed system?

A. The ability to carry a higher temperature of the water
without boiling than is possible with an open system. Water in
an open vessel at sea level boils at a temperature of 212 degrees,
but when confined increases in temperature according to the pres-
sure carried on the system. Smaller piping, fittings and valves
are used on a pressure system than are required for an open tank
system.

The following table gives the temperatures of hot water from
the boiling point (the limit of temperature in an open system) to
a pressure of 25 pounds — a temperature of 269.1 degrees.

UOT WATEH HEATING

6. Q. What method is commonly employed to seal a hot
water system and what precaution is it necessary to provide for
safety ?

A. A safety valve is placed on the outlet to the expansion tank.
This safety valve is set to operate at a nominal pressure, possibly
10 pounds. This valve should be examined frequently to see that
it is in working order and operative at the pressure at which it is
set. Should the valve stick or fail to operate an excess of pressure
might accumulate which would rupture the apparatus and cause
damage to the property and possibly endanger the lives of those
occupying the building in which the apparatus was installed.

TABLE OF TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURE

Square Inch.

Temp ml lire.

Press lira per
Squire Inch

Tenure

lbs.

212 deg.

4 lbs.

225 ij deg

H "

214.5 "

* S A "

227 1 "

1 "

216.3 "

228.5 "

Hi "

218

7H "

235 . 1 "

2 "

219.6 "

241

2H M

221.2 "

251.6 "

3 "

222.7 "

260.9 "

3« ••

224.2 "

269.1 "

•j. Q. Why is the open tank system preferred to the pressure
or closed system?

A. It is safer and more readily adapted for ordinary hot water
installations. It being open to the atmosphere is absolutely safe
under all conditions. It is also more readily attended or operated
by an inexperienced person.

8. Q. What causes hot water to circulate through an open
tank gravity system?

A. The principles of hot water circulation are now very generally
understood. A cubic foot of water at a temperature of 40 degrees
weighs 62.42 pounds. A cubic foot of this water when heated to 180
degrees weighs but 60.55 pounds. In heating the water it expands
and becomes lighter, increasing in volume about 5 per cent, when
basted to 180 degrees. When confined in a vessel and heated it
will expand upward.

Hot water circulation is the result of the law of gravitation. In

a hot water system as the water in the boiler expands and becomes

lighter the colder water returning to the boiler, which is denser

and heavier, crowds the lighter, heated water upward, thus eatab-

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

lishing a circulation through the system of piping and radiators;
therefore it is the difference in weight or specific gravity between
the Sow and return columns above the source of heat energy that
causes the circulation of the water, and the greater this difference
in weight the greater will be the velocity of the circulation.

9. Q. Is the open tank system operated under a pressure?
A. Yes, although it is not generally thought of as being operated

under pressure. The average open tank system is operated under
a pressure of from 15 to 20 pounds; this pressure is due to the
height of water in the system.

10. Q. How mauy methods or systems of low pressure or
open tank hot water installations are in general use?

A. Three; the regular two-pipe system, the overhead system
and the circuit or single main system.

THE TWO-PIPE GRAVITY SYSTEM OF HOT WATER
HEATING.

Q. Describe the regular two-pipe system.
The two-pipe system of hot water heating consists of a series
of flow pipes leading from the boiler to the various radiators or
heating surfaces and a corresponding or companion set of return
pipes leading from the radiators to the boiler. Formerly, or during
the period when hot water was first used, it was customary to run
separate flow and return pipes to each large radiator or group of
radiators with the result that frequently as many as eight or ten
separate flow and return pipes were employed. At the present
time, out one or two main flow and return pipes are to be found on
an average sized job, each of the flows serving to supply a number
of radiators, the pipes being installed sufficiently large for the
purpose. The circulation to each radiator is guided by a certain
character of pipe connection intended to equalize the flow and
divide it equally among the several radiators supplied.

The general design of this system is shown by Fig. 48.

3. Q. Is the main run full size to the end of it or to the last
radiator supplied?

A. No. It is customary to reduce the size of the main as the
branches are taken off or supplied. The main should not be
reduced too rapidly as the water iB colder and the circulation
slower as the end of the line is approached.

3. Q. What conditions the size of piping required for mains
or branches?

A. The area of the valves on the radiators supplied. The area
of the main flow should always equal or exceed the combined areas
of all radiator valves and in reducing as the various branches and
radiators are connected the area should remain sufficient to supply
all radiators ahead of or beyond the point of reduction.

4. Q. What should be the area of the main at the end or
point where the last radiator is supplied?

A. At least one, and preferably two, pipe sizes larger than the
rticai pipe leading to the radiator valve.

Q. How should the branches be taken from the main on
o-pipe gravity system?

The branches which supply risers leading to upper floors

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

should be taken from the side of the main. There is always a
tendency for the flow of hot water to seek the highest point and
branches to risers if taken from the top of the main would rob the
circulation to first floor radiators. When the side connection is

^7b Expansion

Fig. 48.— The Two-Pipe Gravity System of Hot Water Heating.

used the first water heated (which always occupies the top part

of the main) passes along to the connections of first floor radiators,

and the branches to risers do not receive their supply until the hot

water in the main has filled it sufficiently to feed through the side

connection. Fig. 49.

THE TWO-PIPE GRAVITY' SYSTEM OF HOT WATER
HEATING

6. Q- How should the branches to first floor radiators be
connected ?

A. From the top of the main with a 90 degree ell or at an
angle of 45 degrees as illustrated by Fig. 50. The 45 degree con-
nection is preferred.

•}. Q. When it is necessary to divide the main into two flows
leading in opposite directions, what type of fitting should be
employed?

HoWAMav

Wl'i'.Mwiiii!!.! U

Pig. «.— Branch Taken From Side of Main.

A. A double elbow. A tec should never be used for this purpose
on account of the friction at this point. The double elbow divides
the flow evenly with the least friction possible. Fig. 51.

8. Q. What position does the return main occupy?

A. The return main follows the direction of the flow and is
usually placed directly by the side of the flow (within a distance of

Wot \Na\

Pig. M.— Branch Taken Prom Main With 45 Degree Connection.

from eight to twelve inches) until the boiler is reached, when there
is a vertical drop to connect into the return opening of the boiler.

9. Q. How are return branches from first floor radiators con-
nected into the return mains ?

A. On the side in order that the return circulation from one
radiator or riser will not block the return from another should
the temperature of the water in them be unequal.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

10. Q. How are return branches from risers to upper floors
connected to main?

A. Into the side of the bottom with a 45 degree connection.

tXN&U 'Elbow

Bcdxvxh

BrOL^cV

TRavci

Pig. 51.— Double Elbow Used to Divide Main.

ii. Q. How are riser connections to upper floors made from
a riser supplying a second floor radiator?

A. The radiator on the second floor should be connected from

Ristra to upper f/oor

& "ff/oor radiator

V A

r^/scrs

Method of conn ect/nj sec and ffo or /Po </
and r/j*rj to floor about

Fig. 52. — Method of Connecting Hot Water Risers.

the top of the riser to the second floor and the risers supplying
radiators to upper floors should be taken from the side of the riser
supplying the second floor below the connection to the radiator.
Fig. 52.

THE TWO-PIPE GRAVITY SYSTEM OF HOT WATER

HEATING

ia. Q. When two radiators on the same floor are supplied
from a single riser how should they be connected?

A. The connection from the top of the riser should supply the
larger radiator. The side connection from the tee on riser should
supply the smaller radiator. Fig. 53.

13. Q. With both radiators of equal size how should they be
connected?

A. Generally by reducing the size of the pipe connection to the
radiator connected from the top of the riser.

14. Q. In cutting and threading the piping what precaution
should be observed?

7b /orpeof

rod to tor

To<smol/**t
radiator:

1 /

Risers'

Alcthod of connecting two radiators on
3 ante floor from sing/c riser.

Fig. 53d — Method of Connecting Hot Water Risers.

A. The burr left, on the pipe by the cutting tool should be

removed by reaming. On small pipes the burr left by the cutting

tool will reduce the pipe one size and cause sufficient friction to

seriously interfere with the velocity of the flow of water through

the pipe.

15. Q. What provision is made for the expansion of the
water in a hot water system to prevent overflowing when heated?

A small tank called an expansion tank is usually provided; it

is located at the top of the system or above the highest radiator

and from the bottom of the tank a pipe called an expansion pipe

• 79

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

is connected to the return from one of the highest radiators or the
return at the boiler; from the top of the tank a vent pipe leads
to the atmosphere.

1 6. Q. What expansion of the water takes place in an ordi-
nary hot water system?

A. Water as used in the ordinary hot water heating apparatus
expands about 1-24 or 1-25 of its volume.

EXPANSION TANKS.

No.

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

Size — Inches.

Gallons — Capacity .

8
10
15
20
26
32
42
66
82
100

Square Feet Direct
Radiation Supplied.

250

300

500

700

950

1300

2000

3000

5000

6000

17. Q. What size of expansion tank should be used for the
open tank hot water system?

A. Based upon the expansion of water as stated above the
following table of sizes of expansion tanks will be found sufficient
for general use.

IE CIRCUIT SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATING.

t. Q. Describe what is known as the circuit system of hot
water heating.

A. The circuit system or as it is sometimes known, the single
main system, is installed with a single main supply pipe which
makes a circuit of the basement of the building in quite the same
manner as the main of a single or one-pipe steam system. This
main acts as both flow and return. The hottest water in a hot
water main is always at the top of the main, the cooler water at
the bottom, and on this fact the principle of the circulation of a
circuit system is based — two_bodies of water at different tempera-
tures flowing through the same pipe. The main rises from the
boiler to a point as high a? desired and makes a circuit of the base-
ment pitching downward from the boiler or up to a point which i>
called the high point of the main and from this high point whether
it is immediately above the boiler or at some other part of the system
the expansion tank is connected in order to relieve the air in the
system from the high point. The radiators are connected with a
flow and return branch, and risers are connected in the usual man-
ner. Flow branches are connected from the main at the top and
return branches enter the main at the bottom or at the side of the
bottom. Fig. 54.

a. Q. What special fittings can be employed to advantage
on the main of a circuit system?

A. There are several special fittings manufactured which assist
in dividing the flow and return circulation; among these are the
Eureka Fitting shown by Fig. 55, and the Phelps Single Main Tee
shown by Fig. 5G.

The Eureka fitting has a double compartment which allows the
return water to enter the fittings and which joins the water in the
main through an opening at the bottom of the fitting without inter-
fering with the flow of hot water from the same. The Phelps single
main tee is a tee with an extra outlet which is located at the side
of the bottom which is used for the return connection. Either of
these special fittings assists in separating the flow and return and in
increasing the circulation through the system.

3. Q What should be the size of the main for a circuit or
single main system?

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

A. As a rule the size of the main should be estimated by con-
sidering the size of the radiator valves or radiator connections.
The size of main is also dependent somewhat upon the length of
the circuit. If in making the circuit of the basement a main of
considerable length is necessary it is well to increase the size of
main owing to the fact that the temperature of the water in each
leg of the main is considerably reduced, that is to say, the water
in the last leg of the circuit is considerably cooler than that in the
main as it leaves the boiler.

4. Q. In proportioning the radiation for a single main sys-
tem what fact must be considered?

A. The fact mentioned above as to the cooling of the water in
the main. The radiation attached or supplied from the last leg of

full view Sfctwnalview

Fi§> 54.— The Eureka Fitting.

the main should be figured quite a little stronger than that con-
nected nearer to the boiler.

5. Q. Is the single main or circuit system an open tank
system?

A. It may be the open tank or the closed tank system. Prob-
ably the best results are obtained where the water is circulated
under a slight pressure as the rapidity of the circulation when used
as a pressure job increases the temperature of the water sufficiently
to reduce the amount of loss in making the circuit of the building.

6. Q. What should be the pitch of the main for a circuit
system?

A. The main should have the usual pitch of H to 1 inch in each
10 feet of length.

THE CIRCUIT SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATING

Q. How are the branches run and the risers and radiators
connected for this system?

A. The same as for the regular two-pipe system.

8. Q. What size of pipe should be employed for the main of
a circuit system?

A. The size of main is conditioned largely by circumstances
such as the square feet of radiation supplied, the length of the cir-
cuit and the number of radiator connections.

The following table shows what may be considered as an average

Fig. 55.— The Phelps Single Main Tee.

amount of radiation which can be supplied by a circuit main of

SIZE OF MAINS FOR CIRCUIT SYSTEM.

Direct Radiation

Supplied.

175 to 250 square feet

300 to 450 square feet

500 to 650 square feet

700 to 900 square feet

1,000 to 1,500 square feet

1,600 to 2,200 square feet

2,400 to 3,000 square feet

THE OVERHEAD SYSTEM OP HOT WATER HEATING.

z. Q. Describe the overhead system of hot water heating.

A. The overhead system of hot water heating as its name
implies is a method of supplying hot water to radiators located on
various floors from a system of piping which is run overhead at
the top of the building. The mains may be suspended from the
ceiling of the top floor or be run through an attic or loft if such is
available. Fig. 56.

A single large pipe riser (or risers) is run in the most convenient
manner to the attic or top of the building and there is distributed
through mains and branches to risers dropping down to the base-
ment through the various floors supplying the various radiators
connected to each riser.

The top of the main riser is the high point of the system and
from this point all pipes pitch downward. The top of the riser
being the high point of the system the expansion tank is connected
from this point in order to relieve the air in the system when filling
or which may accumulate later at this point.

2. Q. What advantage has the overhead system of piping
over the ordinary two-pipe up-fed system?

A. As the supply riser or risers leading to the upper or top floor
are the largest pipes on the system the water rises to the high
point without the amount of friction usually found in several
smaller pipes and in its descent through several smaller pipes
supplying the radiators the friction is largely eliminated or taken
care of by the weight of the water in the system which increases
the circulation through the pipes and radiators. The circulation
in an overhead system is much more rapid than is found in the open
tank up-fed system and the results obtained from a given amount
of fuel burned are very much greater than those obtained with the
up-fed system. The use of this method also lacks one of the ob-
jectionable features of the regular two-pipe system; namely, the
constant trouble from air accumulating in the upper radiators.
The overhead system is installed without the use of air valves as
all pipes pitch upward towards the top of the main riser and from
this point all air is expelled to the tank, rendering the use of air
valves unnecessary.

THE OVERHEAD SYSTEM OF HOT WATEK HEATING

3. Q. What is the method of supplying the branches from
the various mains at the top of the system?

In order to prevent air pockets which would interfere with
circulation all branches are taken from the bottom of the main
with a 90 degree or a 45 degree elbow; the 45 degree connection as
shown by Fig. 57 is preferred.

Fig. 56^-The Overhead System of Hot Water Heating.

4. Q. What method is used to support the large risers carry-
ing the supply of heated water to the top of the system?

A. As the main riser or risers leading to the upper floor are
the largest pipes on the work and contain the greatest weight of
water it is difficult to support the same with ordinary hangers, and

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

it is good practice to use a fitting at the bottom of the riser known
as a base elbow which should rest on a brick or cement pier support-
ing the riser.

5. Q. What should be the size of expansion tank for use
with the overhead system?

A. The same size as for the regular two-pipe system.

6. Q. What should be the size of the main riser or risers for
the overhead system?

A. The area of a main riser or risers should be equal to the
valve areas of all radiators supplied. This rule is the same as
used for the regular system of two-pipe heating.

7. Q. What should be the size of the branches supplying the
drop risers?

Fig. 57. — Method of Connecting Branch for Overhead System.

A. The size of branches should be the same as for the two-pipe
system. As a rule each branch should have an area equal to the
valves on the radiators supplied by it.

8. Q. What should be the size of the drop risers for use with
the overhead system?

A. As the water is the hottest at the top of the system and
cools and contracts in its descent it would seem that the riser might
be reduced in size at the bottom of the system. This, however,
is not good practice and on ordinary work it is best to run the
drop risers full size to the bottom of the system; this size being
sufficient to supply the various radiator connections fed by it.
The piping sizes are very important for this system and in many
cases are obtained more from practice than by calculation.

9. Q. How many valves are necessary on the radiator con-
nections for the overhead system?

THE OVERHEAD SYSTEM OP HOT WATER HEATING

A. . It is customary to use but one valve and this may be placed
on the flow or on the return connection as may be desired. It
is customary to make the flow connection at the top of the radia-
tor and the return connection at the bottom of the same end of
the radiator.

10. Q. What should be the size of the radiator valves and
connections?

A. The connections for radiators of 50 square feet or less should
be 1 inch. For larger radiators 1J4 inch w iH be sufficient. The
velocity of the circulation should be figured on large work and the
size of connections should be based upon the velocity of the flow.

ii. Q. How should the radiators be connected?

A. At the top and bottom of one end. It is good practice to
run the drop riser near the wall and to make swing joint connections
to the radiators.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
GRAVITY SYSTEMS OF HOT WATER HEATING.

i. Q. What trimmings or special appliances should be placed
on every hot water system?

A. An altitude gauge and a hot water thermometer.

2. Q. Describe an altitude gauge and explain its use.

A. An altitude gauge is a spring gauge having a dial pointed off
and numbered to represent the height of the water above the

. 58.— The O S Pitting.

gauge in feet. It is built on the same principle as a Bourdon steam
gauge. Any increase in pressure due to height of the water spreads
or opens the hollow curved tube inside of the gauge; this action is
transmitted by levers to the pointer on the dial which at once
swings around to register the increased height of the water. This
pointer is black. An additional red pointer, which is stationary, is
placed on the dial. When the system has been completely filled

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
GRAVITY SYSTEM OP HOT WATER HEATING

with water the position of the black pointer showing the height of
the water is noted, the face of the gauge removed, and the red
pointer is moved with the fingers to a corresponding position.
Should the water be lowered by evaporation or otherwise the
fact will be shown on the altitude gauge at the boiler, the reduced
pressure allowing the black pointer to. fall back from its former
position and additional water should then be added to the system
until the black pointer returns to its former position over the red

Fig. 59.— O S Fittings Uied on Drop Supply Ri«er«.

pointer. The loss of water is indicated and the system refilled to
the proper height at the basement without the necessity of climbing
to the top of the building to examine the water gauge on tbe ex-
pansion tank.

3. Q. What is a hot water thermometer and for what pur-
pose is it employed on a hot water heating apparatus?

A. This thermometer is an ordinary temperature thermometer
with the bulb containing the mercury or liquid encased in a thin

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

brass cup which is usually screwed into an opening or tapping of
the boiler arranged for the purpose. Its purpose is to correctly
register the temperature of the water in the boiler as a guide for
the attendant in adjusting the dampers of the boiler to provide
the proper degree of warmth in the building.

4. Q. What should be the temperature of the water at the
boiler on an open tank system in coldest winter weather?

A. The best results are obtained from a system with a boiler
and radiators of sufficient size to furnish the proper heat with the
water at 180 degrees at the boiler; a less temperature than this is
better and a higher temperature is not considered economical.

5. Q. At what temperature should the water return to the
boiler?

Fig. 60. — Radiator Connected at Bottom of Both Ends.

A. Generally speaking at a temperature not more than 20 de-
grees cooler than the Sow. On a well proportioned job this differ-
ence is very much less than 20 degrees.

6. Q. What should be the size of the flow pipes out of the
boiler?

A. The same area as the mains which they feed.

7. Q. When a header is used to connect two boilers or two
or more openings of the same boiler what should be its size?

A. The header should have an area equal to or exceeding the
area of all mains or flow pipes supplied by it.

8. Q. What should be the size of the return header?

A. The same area as the flow. The return header should
always be connected identically with the flow header.

BOILE1E, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
GRAVITY SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATING

9. Q. What special type of fitting is recommended for hot
water work?

A. The O. S. Distributing Tee.

10. Q. What is this fitting and why superior for hot water
work?

A. Fig. 58 shows the character of the fitting. It is particularly
serviceable for use on risers to divide the flow between the various
floors and saves extra elbows and nipples in making such connec-
tions. It is also employed to good advantage on the drop risers of
an overhead system. Fig. 59 shows its application.

11. Q. Why is it called an "O. S." fitting?

A. It is so called as 0. S. are the initials of the heating engineer
who designed and patented it — Oliver Slemmer of Cincinnati, Ohio.

Pig. 61. — Radiator Connected at Top and Bottom of Opposite Ends.

12. At what point of a hot water system should the water
connection for filling it be made?

A. At the bottom or lowest point in order to better force the
air from the piping and radiators.

13. Q. How is the air removed from the radiators?

A. Through common compression air valves. These are lock
and shield valves operated with a key in order that the valve may
not be tampered with or inadvertently opened, thus allowing the
water in the system to escape.

14. Q. How should a hot water system be filled?

A. Open all of the air valves and turn on the water. When the

KTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

lower or first floor radiators are partially filled close all of the air
valves until the water bad reached the floor above; then open the
air valves on the first floor radiators one by one until the air in each
radiator has escaped and it is filled with water, then proceed to ibe
next floor above and repeat the method. Finally when all radiators
are filled allow the water to run until the expansion tank is about
one-quarter filled. The system is then ready for firing.

15. Q. When radiators are located below the main piping
system or on a level of the boiler how should they be supplied?

A. By a connection taken from a riser to an upper floor at such

Pig. 62. — Radiator Connected Top and Bottom of Same End.

a height that a pressure from the weight or height of water in the
connection will circulate the water through the radiator.

16. Q. How are the radiators connected for hot water heat-
ing?

A. On the ordinary system, and also on a circuit system, three
methods may be used in connecting the radiators, (a) The flow
may be connected at the bottom of one end and the return at the
bottom of the opposite end. Fig. 60. (b) the flow may be connected
at the top of one end and the return at the bottom of the opposite
end. Fig. 61. (c) the flow may be connected at the top of one end
and the return at the bottom of the same end. Fig. 62.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
GRAVITY SYSTEM OP HOT WATER HEATING

17. Q. What style of connection is most frequently em-
)loyed?

A. The first method with flow and return at bottom of opposite
ends.

18. Q. How are radiators connected for the overhead sys-
tem?

A. Usually with the flow at the top and the return at the bottom
of the same end and swing joints are employed on the drop riser
in making the connection. Fig. 63.

19. Q. What should be the size of the radiator tappings for
an ordinary system of hot water heating?

A. The lower floor tapping should be larger than that for the
second or upper floors.

"R A<l\&\oY

Fig. 63. — Radiator Connected for Overhead System.

20. Q. What is the reason of this?

A. There is a tendency for the hot water in circulation to pass
immediately to the upper floors and for this reason the connections
for upper floors must be choked by reducing their size and the
connections to first floor radiators are favored by increasing their
size.

The following table gives the sizes of radiator tappings that
will be found best for open tank hot water work. This table varies
somewhat from the standard table published by radiator manu-
facturers:

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

RADIATOR TAPPINGS FOR HOT WATER.

(Open Tank Up-Fed System)

First Floor.
Size of Radiator Size of Tapping

25 square feet or less

% inch

25 to 50 square feet

1 inch

50 to 85 square feet

\\i inch

85 to 125 square feet

\Yl inch

Second Floor.

40 square feet or less

% inch

40 to 60 square feet

1 inch

60 to 100 square feet

\\i inch

100 to 175 square feet

1 Yt inch

Third and Higher Floors.

50 square feet or less

% inch

50 to 80 square feet

1 inch

80 to 125 square feet

\}4 inch

125 square feet and larger

\Yi inch

Hot Water Radiator Tappings.
(Indirect Heating.)

Size of Radiator Size of Tapping

50 square feet or less 1 inch

50 to 100 square feet 1J4 i Q ch

100 to 160 square feet 1H inch

160 square feet and larger 2 inch

21. Q. What pitch should be given to the mains of a hot
water system?

A. They should pitch up from the boiler from H to 1 inch for
each 10 feet of length.

22. Q. What pitch should be given to the branches?
A. At least 1 inch in each 5 feet of length.

23. Q. What should be the size of the main?

A. The sizes of the mains are conditioned by the square feet
of radiation supplied, which in turn conditions the size of the valves;
therefore we may say that the area or size of a hot water main is
conditioned by the valve area supplied by it. Its cross sectional
area should equal or exceed the area of all valves supplied.

BOILER, RADIATOR, AND PIPE CONNECTIONS FOR
GRAVITY SYSTEM OP HOT WATER HEATING

24. Q. How are the sizes of branches determined?

A. By the same method. Under ordinary conditions the
following table will give the sizes of pipe required to supply a given
amount of radiation. This table is compiled from standard
authorities and represents the maximum amount of radiation
that should be placed on a pipe of any given size.

SIZES OF MAINS AND BRANCHES.

Mains.

Branches and Risers
Square Feet of Surface In Radiators.

Size of

Pipe
locoes.

Square

Feet of

Surface

In Direct

Radiation.

To
First
Floor.

To
Second
Floor.

To
Third
Floor.

To
Fourth
Floor.

V*
1

2
3

5
6

135
220

350

460

675

850

1,100

1,350

1,700

3,600

50
110
180
290
400
620
820
1,050
1,325

75
120
195
320
490
650
870
1,120
1,400

45
80

135
210
350
525
690
920
1,185
1,485

50
85

150
230
370
550
730
970
1,250
1,560

ACCELERATED HOT WATER HEATING.

i. Q. What is an accelerated system of hot water heating?

A. A system in which the circulation of the water is assisted
or accelerated by employing some special device which seals the
system to the atmosphere and maintains a slight pressure on it.
This pressure accumulates until it equals approximately ten pounds
or until the water in the system has reached a temperature of 140
or 150 degrees (dependent upon the kind of appliance employed)
when it is relieved automatically by the operation of the device
which breaks the seal and permits all excess expansion of the water
to pass to the expansion tank.

2. Q. In what way has the accelerated system an advantage
over the sealed tank or ordinary pressure system?

A. As has already been explained, the employment of a safety
valve in sealing the outlet of the expansion tank, in order to oper-
ate the system under a pressure, is a dangerous practice. Not so,
however, when a special device is used. Such devices are set to
work automatically and to operate when the pressure has reached
the point at which they are set. Some of the devices at pres-
ent in use operate with a mercury seal which holds the pressure
to a given point, others employ a balanced valve, and still others
make use of a spring which controls the mechanism of the valve.

3. Q. What are the advantages of an accelerated system over
the regular open tank gravity method?

A. Greater flexibility and a greater range of temperatures.
More heat units given off per square foot of radiation per hour,
enabling a considerable reduction in the amount of radiation re-
quired, and owing to the increased velocity of the circulation much
smaller pipe, fittings, and valves are used for the accelerated systems
than would be required for the open tank systems.

4. Q. What names are given the devices described?

A. Generators, Heat Generators, Heat Economizers, Heat
Retainers, etc.

5. Q. What device was first employed to accelerate the cir-
culation in a hot water system?

A. It is probable that the Honeywell Generator was the first
mercurial device to be used for this purpose and the Phelps Heat

ACCELERATED HOT WATER HEATING

Retainer was one of the first devices of the balanced valve type
to be put on the market.

6. Q. What is the construction of the Honeywell Generator?

A. A sectional illustration is shown by Fig. 64. The generator
is composed of two hollow castings which are joined by a wrought

Fig. 64. — Sectional View of Honeywell Generator.

iron pipe. The upper easting is elliptical in shape and is called a
separating chamber, the bottom casting is bottle shaped. Tab
is called the mercury pot, The illustration shows the general
construction of the device. A small pipe called a circulating pipe
ia held in position on the interior of the pipe connecting the castings.
97

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

This connecting pipe is screwed down through the neck of the
bottle shaped casting to a point near the bottom of it and a shoe
somewhat .the shape of a reducing coupling is screwed on the pipe
at the lower end. The small circulating pipe is attached to and
has its inlet through the side of the shoe. A plug is screwed into
the bottom of the lower casting which is then partially filled with
mercury, a sufficient quantity (about 1 inch in depth in the mercury
pot) being used to hold the pressure in the system until a pressure
of 10 pounds has been reached.

Fig. 65. — Generator Connected to System in Basement.

7. Q. What is the action of the generator in operation?

A. The expansion pipe of the system is connected into the side
of the bottle shaped casting above the mercury. The pipe leading
to the expansion tank is connected from separating chamber at
the top of the generator, Fig. 65. The mercury in the generator
is between the water in the system and the water in the expansion
tank. When the water is cold the mercury lies at the bottom of the
mercury pot. As the water in the system is heated it begins to
expand, the expansion pressing downward upon the mercury through
the side connection to the mercury pot, thus forcing it upward

begins to circulate, passing upward through the circulating pipe
and downward through the larger pipe connecting the castings.
The small circulating pipe extends above the larger connecting pipe
and the difference in height and weight of the mercury in these
pipes starts the circulation. Any water carried upward with the

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

mercury through the circulating pipe separates from the mercury
in the upper casting or separating chamber. The weight of the
mercury holds or maintains the pressure.

8. Q. What other mercurial devices are used for accelerated
heating?

A. . The Milwaukee Tank Generator, the Pierce Heat Economizer
the Elymax Heat Economizer and several others.

Fig. 67. — The Milwaukee Heat Generator.

9. Q. How do these appliances operate ?

A. The Pierce Heat Economizer is in many respects quite
similar to the Honeywell Generator in construction and operation.
The Milwaukee Heat Generator is placed in the upper part of the
expansion tank with the separating chamber above the tank. Its
appearance is shown by Fig. 67. The Klymax Heat Economizer

100

ACCELERATED HOT WATER HEATING

is a mercury device placed on the expansion line below the tank or
between it and the heating system.

zo. Q. Describe the Phelps Heat Retainer.

A. The Phelps Heat Retainer operates by the opening and
closing of a double acting valve. The valve opening to the tank
and atmosphere is weighted and operates only when the water in
the system has reached a temperature of 250 degrees or about 16J/g
pounds pressure.

Overflow '

o.o o • ©•'

Sxpansior?
Tank

Phetps
Weai fo/ainer

Vsfxpansion

Pipe
Fig. 68.— The Phelps Heat Retainer.

The valve is encased in a cast iron boxing and the device is
connected to the heating system immediately below the expansion
tank. When the pressure increases above 16H pounds the valve
leading to the expansion tank operates, allowing the expansion to
reach the tank. When the pressure goes below 16^ pounds the
weight closes this valve and the shrinkage of the water opens the
retainer valve, allowing it to flow back into the system. Fig. 68
shows the appearance of the device and the method of connecting
it to the system.

101

STEAM, HOT WATEB, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

ii. Q. What other generator operates on the principle of a
double valve ?

A. The Belknap Generator.

12. Q. Describe the installation and operation of the Bel-
knap Generator.

A. Fig. 69 shows the interior of the device and the controlling

Fig. 69. — The Belknap Generator.

valves A and B. It is placed on the expansion line between the
tank and heating system.

As the water expands a pressure is created against the valve B.
The spring ofvalveAis adjusted to withstand a pressure of 10 pounds.
When the pressure rises above 10 pounds valve A opens and allows
the excess expansion of the water to pass the tank. As the pressure
lowers a vacuum is created in the system which, aided by the static

ACCELERATED HOT WATER HEATING

pressure of the water above the valve, causes it to open and allows
the water to return again to the system.

13. Q. What other devices are used for placing a system
under a slight pressure?

A. There are several other devices used for the purpose, some
operating with valves and some without valves. The B Heat

Fig. 70.— The B Heat Intensifies

ntensifier is one of the spring valve variety. An interior of this
s shown by the illustration Fig. 70, which displays the mechanism
of the double actine valve. Like other devices of the kind it is
placed on (he expansion line under the tank or in the basement

Ethe boiler.
Q. What is known as the Honeywell System of acceler-
heating?
103

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

A. Mr. M. C. Honeywell in the development of the Honeywell
Generator devised, and experimented with, certain styles of pipe
connections designed to equalize the flow of the water through
the system, and this, together with the generator, has come to be
known as the "Honeywell System."

15. Q. What size of piping is employed for a Honeywell
system as compared with an open tank system?

A. Pipe sizes are very much smaller for use with an accelerated
system due to the fact that smaller valves and radiator connections
are employed. The small sizes of piping used are based not alone
on valve areas, but on the rate of heat transmission from radiators
located at different heights and the velocity of the flow to the
radiators thus located.

16. Q. What sizes of valves are required for the radiators
when attached to an accelerated system?

A. For radiators located on first floor.

25 square feet or less J/£-inch valve

25 to 50 square feet J£-inch valve

50 to 125 square feet 1 -inch valve

For radiators located on second floor:

30 square feet or less J^-inch valve

30 to 125 square feet %-inch valve

125 square feet or more 1 -inch valve

For radiators located on third (or upper) floor:

40 square feet or less H-inch valve

Over 40 square feet %-inch valve

17. What rules are given for the successful installation of
accelerated piping ?

A. Rule 1. The main should always end at a first floor radia-
tor. If this radiator is 40 square feet or less in size a 54-inch
valve may be used. For radiators exceeding 40 square feet a 1-inch
valve should be used, and the size of the main at its termination
should be two pipe sizes larger than the connection to the radiator.

Rule 2. A branch should never be connected from the top of
a main. There are three styles or types of radiator or branch
connections from the mains as employed on Honeywell or accele-
rated systems. These are known as the "A," "B" and "D" con-
nections. Fig. 71.

The "A" connection is employed in taking a branch from the
main to supply a first floor radiator or a branch to a first floor

104

The "D" connection is employed in taking branches from a
main to supply risers to upper floors and may also be used to con-
nect a branch to a first floor radiator located very near the boiler
as its use in this manner prevents the short-circuiting of the circula-
tion and materially assists in balancing the job.

Rule 3. As the pipe sizes employed are small, any foreign sub-
Btance in the pipe will interfere with the circulation and all lengths

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

of pipe before placing in position should be stood on end and ham-
mered to remove scale or the possible clogging of dirt, and all pipe
should be reamed to remove the burr made by the cutting tool.

Rule 4- When a radiator or a group of radiators are connected
from the main at a point very near to the boiler the return circula-
tion is quicker and hotter than that from distant radiators, and it
is well to make a separate return connection from them, connecting
the return into the side of the main return at the bottom of the
boiler. This connection will help to equalize the circulation.

1 8. Q. What sizes of mains are employed for an accelerated
system?

A. The sizes of mains to be used for an accelerated system are

determined in the same manner as for an open system, namely, by

the valve area of all radiators supplied. The main should never

be reduced so that its area is less than the area of all valves beyond

the point of reduction.

19. Q. Are branches and risers for an accelerated system
run or installed the same as for a gravity system?

A. There is no difference whatever in the method of running
branches and risers or connections to upper floor radiators other
than has been stated in the rules given. The pitch of the main
and the pitch of branches should be the same as for an open tank
system.

20. Q. Where should the altitude gauge be located on an
accelerated system and why?

A. The altitude gauge should be placed on the expansion pipe
leading to the tank above the generator or device employed. It is
placed thus to indicate the true height or weight of water in the
system. Should it be placed on the boiler as with an open system
any pressure registered on the system would be indicated on the
gauge, the spring of the gauge opening so that the pointer would not
register the height of the water correctly.

21. Q. What size of expansion tank should be employed for
use with an accelerated system?

A. The same size as would be employed for an open tank
system. There is no difference in the expansion of the body of
water in the system, and the tank size should be sufficient to accom-
modate the increase in bulk through 200 degrees range of tem-
perature.

22. Q. What amount of radiation is required for accelerated
heating as compared with the open tank system?

A. A reduction of 10 to 15 per cent, in the amount of radiation

106

ACCELERATED HOT WATEK HEATING

required for an open system may safely be made for an accelerated
system (or the reason that range of temperatures is greater with
the accelerated system. The limit of temperature with an open
tank system is 212 degrees and this temperature is seldom reached
without the water boiling. The limit of temperature of an accele-
rated system, as has already been explained, is 240 or 250 degrees,
depending upon the apparatus used, and hence less radiation is
required.

23. Q. When it is necessary to place the expansion tank of
an accelerated system in a cold room or attic, requiring that it be
circulated, what method of installation should be followed?

■The Honeywell Tank Circulator.

A. The tank cannot be circulated in the ordinary manner
without destroying the pressure caused by the accelerator. It is
therefore necessary to use a small heater called a tank circulator.
This is a hollow casting having an inner and outer compartment.
It is connected to the system in such a manner that the hot water
in circulation passing through the inner compartment warms the
water in the outer compartment which is connected directly to the
tank. Fig. 72 shows the Honeywell tank circulator and a method
of connecting it to the heating system.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

24. Q. What method other than those described is used to
force or accelerate the circulation through a hot water system?

A. Pumps are sometimes employed to force the circulation,
particularly on large jobs where the water is heated by exhaust
steam.

25. Q. What type of pumps is most frequently used?

A. Pumps of the centrifugal type. These are driven by steam
or by an electric motor.

26. Q. What general method of installation is used?

A. It is common on large work to place the pump in a position
to receive the returning circulation and force it through a live or
exhaust steam heater, and thence through the heating system.
Some systems employ two heaters, one for exhaust, and the other
for live steam.

27. Q. What are the advantages of using two heaters?

A. The coldest water of the return circulation is first forced
through the exhaust heater, which tempers it. It then 'flows through
the live steam heater, which heats it to the maximum temperature
desired.

28. Q. What methods of piping are especially adapted for
use with this system?

A. The overhead system and the circuit, or one-main, system.

108

EXPANSION TANK CONNECTIONS.

I. Q. What general methods are employed in connecting
the expansion tank to a hot water system?

A. Three methods may be used: (a) Connecting the tank to
the system without circulating the water to or in it; (b) connecting
the tank to the system in such a manner that there is a circulation
of hot water to the bottom of the tank; (c) connecting the tank in
such a manner that the water in it will be circulated or heated.

*JC?

Fig. 73. — Expansion Tank Connection— No Circulation.

a. Q. Describe each of these methods.

A. (a) This method is illustrated by Fig. 73. The expansion
line may be connected from the return of one of the high radiators
on the system as shown, or it may be run to the basement and
there connect with the return at the boiler,

(b) The method of connecting the tank to circulate the water to
it is shown by Fig. 74. The flow pipe may be connected from
any convenient flow riser and the return pipe to any convenient
return riser at the top of the system. These are joined together
immediately under the tank in the manner shown and the connec-

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

Fig. 74.— Expansion Tank Connection— Circulation to Tank,

EXPANSION TANK CONNECTIONS

tion to the tank from the top of the loop acts as an air vent, the
water passing upward to the tank through the flow and downward
through the return as the circulation is established in the system.
(c) The flow connection to the tank should be connected into
the side opening of the tank and may be run from any convenient
flow riser. The return pipe in this instance is taken from the bottom
of the tank and connects with a return riser. Fig. 75 illustrates the

l%*0*r*t>*w ft»

Fig. 75. — Expansion Tank Connection — Circulation in Tank.

method. The tank when connected in this manner should be kept
at least one-third full of water, and owing to this fact a larger size
of tank than would ordinarily be employed is necessary to give
capacity for the natural expansion of the water when heated.

3. Q. How should the vent pipe from the tank be con-
nected?

A. It may be connected as shown on either one of the illustra-

111

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

tions already given. It should always be connected from the top
of the tank and should be run through the roof or through the side
of the building near the tank. If connection is made through the
side of the building the horizontal pipe should pitch slightly towards
the outside in order that no water may lodge in the pipe and freeze.

4. Q. How should the overflow from the expansion tank be
connected?

A. The vent pipe above referred to may also serve as the over-
flow pipe or a tee may be placed on the vent pipe immediately
above the tank, and the side outlet of the tee used to connect the
overflow pipe, or the side tapping of the tank may be used to con-
nect the overflow.

5. Q. Is the running or connecting of the overflow into an
open plumbing fixture, such as closet tank, advisable or good
practice?

A. No, it is not. If the overflow is connected separately from
the vent pipe it should be carried to basement of the building
and there be connected into some convenient drain or waste pipe.

6. Q. Is the use of valves on expansion tank connections
necessary or advisable?

A. Valves should never be placed on expansion tank connec-
tions. These pipes should be kept free and open in order to prevent
the possibility of the closing of the system to the atmosphere and
thus inadvertently place the same under pressure.

7. Q. How can the capacity of a round expansion tank be
determined?

A. Multiply the square of the radius of the tank in inches by
3.1416, then multiply this amount by the length of the tank in
inches. Divide th's result by 231, which represents the number of
cubic inches in a gallon, and the result will be the capacity of the
tank in gallons.

8. Q. What simple rule may be used for determining the size
of the expansion tank required for a hot water system?

A. For an installation requiring 500 square feet or less allow
one gallon of tank capacity for each 30 square feet of radiation.

For 500 to 1,000 square feet of radiation allow one gallon of tank
capacity for each 40 square feet.

For 1,000 to 3,000 square feet of radiation allow one gallon of
tank capacity for each 50 square feet.

For 3,000 to 5,000 square feet of radiation allow one gallon of
tank capacity for each 60 square feet.

112

EXPANSION TANK CONNECTIONS

This rule, while approximate, is sufficiently accurate for all
ordinary work.

Or the following rule may be used:

When there is less than .1,000 square feet of radiation on a job
multiply the amount of radiating surface by .03 to determine the
size of the tank.

When there is between 1,000 and 2,000 square feet of radiation
use the multiplier .025.

Ven f and Over flow.

Wafer Guaoe:

fxpons/on
P/pe

AMte

'"~ S -tf=.

Main /EVser--

Fig. 76.— Expansion Tank Connection— Vertical for Overhead System.

For jobs requiring more than 2,000 square feet of surface multiply
by .02.

This is a simple rule easily applied.

9. Q. Where should the expansion tank be located?

A. In a room that is warm in order to prevent freezing. If it
is necessary to place the tank in a cold room or in an exposed posi-
tion in the attic it should always be circulated in order that there

113

STEAM, HOT WATEIi, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

will be no possibility of its freezing in exceptionally cold weather.

10. Q. How should the expansion tank be connected to an
overhead system of hot water heating?

A. Fig. 76 shows a method of connecting the tank vertically.

This connection may be used on any small job of overhead heat*
ing. When connecting the expansion tank to a larger system of
hot water heating or one requiring an expansion tank of exception-
ally large size it is well to use the tank horizontally and to suspend

the same from the roof joints by iron straps, connecting the expan-
sion pipe to the under side of the tank and the vent pipe from the
top side of the tank. The overflow may be connected from the
top or from the centre of one end of the tank as shown by Fig. 77.
If the water gauge is used on a large tank suspended horizontally
it should be placed at the end of the tank as shown.

ii. Q. In general what should be the size of the overflow
pipe from an expansion tank?

A. It should be the same size as the expansion pipe in order

EXPANSION TANK CONNECTIONS

that there will be no choking of the overflow and the consequent
filling up and running over through the vent pipe.

ia. Q. At what point on a circuit or single main system
should the expansion tank be connected?

A. From the high point of the main, whether this is immediately
over the boiler or at any other point on the system.

13. Q. When an accelerated system is used what should be
the position of the expansion tank, and how should it be con-
nected?

A. It should be located above the highest radiator as for an
open system and connected so that the accelerating device used
will be between the tank and the heating system.

115

DOMESTIC HOT WATER HEATING.

i. Q. How many methods can be used to heat a supply of
water for domestic use?

A. There are two general methods. First, by heating the water
directly as with a water-back in a range, a coil or auxiliary heater
placed in the fire pot of a furnace or boiler, or the use of a small
tank or gas heater; and second (when steam is available) by
placing a steam coil within a tank and heating the water by the
condensation of the steam supplied to the coil.

2. Q. What kind of tanks are employed for the storage of
the water when heated?

A. The tank may be an ordinary kitchen or range boiler, or if
required a special tank of larger capacity, called a storage tank,
may be used. The former tank and method of connecting from
the water back of the range is so familiar as to require no explana-
tion. The tank should ordinarily be placed above the source of
the heat.

A storage tank is a tank of larger size and greater capacity than
a range boiler and the tappings of it are so arranged that it may be
used in a vertical or in a horizontal position. When used vertically
it is supported on an iron stand or legs. When used horizontally
it may be hung from ceiling or floor joists with iron straps or rest
upon brick, stone or cement piers.

3. Q. When a water back or water front is used in a range
for heating water how is its capacity figured?

A. Water backs are commonly rated on the basii of 2 or 2J^
square inches of heating surface (the face of the water back only)
for each gallon capacity of the kitchen or range boiler. The
capacity of a water back is largely increased at times when the
range is operated to full capacity for baking, etc.

4. Q. When a coil or auxiliary heater is installed in the fire
pot of a boiler how is its capacity determined?

A. Each square foot of surface of a pipe coil installed in this
manner will warm from 25 to 30 gallons of water per hour, from
55 to 60 degrees (the usual temperature of the return circulation)
to 130 or 140 degrees for domestic use, when the coil is placed in
direct contact with the fire.

116

DOMESTIC HOT WATER HEATING

Q. How are tank heaters rated when they are used for
wanning water for domestic use?

A. The average rating of a tank heater is 250 gallons per hour
for each square foot of grate surface. Tank heater ratings are
usually excessive, and the fact that a large amount of the heated
water is carried in storage, being heated at night or during periods
of the day when but little hot water is used, is considered in rating
the heater. Ordinarily 50 gallons warmed through 100 degrees
would be considered a fair rating for constant service at full capa-
city.

Fig. 78.— Domestic Hot Water Supply— Vertical Boiler.

6. Q. When a storage tank is installed in a vertical position
how are the pipe connections made from the boiler to the tank?

A. Fig. 78 illustrates the usual method employed. The tank
is placed on a stand or pedestal at such a height that the bottom
of it is above the return connection of the tank heater. The flow
from the heater is connected into the side of the tank about one-
third distant from the bottom. The cold water supply is connected
to the return pipe, which is at the bottom of the tank, and the hot
water supply to the various fixtures is token from the top of the
tank.

117

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

7. Q. When the tank is placed in a horizontal position how
should it be connected to the heater?

A. As shown by Fig. 79. The hot storage water occupies the
upper part of the tank and the cooler water in circulation the
lower part of the tank. The illustration shows the method of
making the various pipe connections.

8. Q. When a steam coil is placed within a storage tank
what should be its position?

A. The coil should be fastened vertically in order that the
steam will flow in at the top of the coil and the water of condensa-
tion will flow out of the bottom. Fig. 80.

Fig. 79.— Domestic Hot Water Supply— Horizontal Boiler.

9. Q. What size of the coil should be used in a tank?

A. One square foot of heating surface for each 15 gallons of
tank capacity.

zo. Q. Is this an economical method of heating water?

A. It is not, unless a supply of exhaust steam (which would
otherwise be wasted) is available for the purpose. Submerged
coils condense an immense quantity of steam in heating water.

zz. Q. Of what material should the coil be made for warm-
ing water for domestic use?

118

DOMESTIC HOT WATEK HEATING

A. Copper, brass or galvanized iron. A galvanised coil is less
effective than a brass or copper coil for this purpose.

13. Q. What provision can be made for relieving excess pres-
sure due to the height of a building or overheated water?

Fig. SO.— Domestic Hot Water Supply— Steam Coil in Boiler.

A. A pressure relief or safety valve may be used. This should
be set to operate at five pounds above the normal pressure of the
heated water (which may be 150 or 160 degrees) or at five pounds
above the static pressure due to the height of the water in the
system.

VALVES AND AIR VALVES.

i. Q. What types of valves are employed on the various
systems or apparatus installed for heating purposes ?

A. Globe, angle, gate and check valves in the regular or some
special form.

3. Q. What is a globe valve, and for what purpose is it em-
ployed? »

A. The common type of globe valve is illustrated by the sketch,

jtt

Fig. 81.— Globs Valve.

Fig. 81, which shows a sectional view of its construction. A bridge

supporting the seat is cast in the body of the valve. A disc engag-
ing with this seat is adjusted to the bottom of the valve stem which
screws up or down to raise or lower the disc to open or close the
valve. The stem passes through the bonnet of the valve and a
wheel is provided at the top for operating it with the hand. Globe
valves, owing to the restricted area of the opening through the
seat, are used principally on steam work.
1»

VALVES AND Allt VALVES

Q. How should a globe or angle valve be placed on a
line of piping?

A. In such a position that the flow will enter the valve under
the seat and against the under side of the disc.

4. Q. How should a globe valve be placed on a horizontal
pipe?

A. When it is necessary to use a valve of this character on a
horizontal pipe it should be placed with the stem in a horizontal
position or pitching slightly downward; otherwise, owing to the
interior construction of the valve, it will be impossible to obtain
perfect drainage through the pipe. Fig. 82 illustrates this feature.

5. Q. What type of valve may be used in any position on a
line of piping and yet allow of perfect drainage?

A. A gate valve. This type of valve, owing to its construction.

Fig. 82. — Globe Valve on Horizontal Pipe— Imperfect Drainage.

offers no obstruction to drainage. The valve is opened and closed
by raising or lowering a wedge shaped gate and when open admits
of a full sized free opening through the valve. Fig. 83 shows this
construction.

6. Q. What is an angle valve?

A. An angle valve is used in the position of a 90 degree elbow
at a point where a change of direction is made in the flow of steam
or water.

The name is usually given to the common type of angle valve
as illustrated by Fig. 84, although a large share of the radiator
valves used are in reality valves of the angle type.

7. Q. What is a check valve and for what purpose is it em-
ployed ?

A. Fig. 85 illustrates several types of check valves. When

it is necessary that the supply of steam or water should flow always

121

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

in one direction a check valve is placed on the pipe. The construc-
tion of the valve is such that it allows the steam or water to flow
in one direction only and prevents any reverse circulation of the
same.

8. Q. When extra large valves are required how are they
usually constructed?

A. With a yoke over the bonnet of the valve to strengthen it
and to provide a suitable guide and bracing for the large stem.
Globe, angle and gate valves of large size have this construction.
Fig. 86 illustrates a gate valve with yoke.

dzb

Fig. 83.— Gate Valve.

9. Q. What is the common form of a steam radiator valve?

A. The ordinary type of valve employed in making connection
to a steam radiator is an angle valve having a wood wheel and a
union connection for attaching to the radiator. Fig. 87 shows an
outline of the standard type of valve. The usual steam radiator
valve has a Jenkins or composition disc.

io. Q. What is a Jenkins disc?

A. A ring of a composition substance which is attached to the
under side of the brass disc and which, when screwed against the
valve seat, is intended to make an absolutely tight joint.

ii. Q. What is a ground seat or Frink seat valve?

A. A valve having the edge of seat and disc ground to a taper of
the same degree in order to close tightly when the stem is screwed

VALVES AND AIR VALVES

town and the disc engages with the seat. Some valves of this
diaracter have a soft metal disc.

ia. Q. What objection is there to the use of a ground or soft
netal seat valve on steam piping?

iffa.

Pig. 84.— Angle Valve.

A. For the reason that they are liable to leak and the slightest
leak of steam through a valve when it is turned off will cause no
end of trouble and annoyance.

Pig. 85.— Check Valves.

13. Q. What type of valve is used for connecting a hot water
radiator?

A. The common form is illustrated by Fig. 88. The angle
type of valve is commonly employed. The body of the valve is

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

cylindrical and a close fitting sleeve is placed on the inside of the
body. This sleeve is attached to the stem which turns it, and one
side being cut away bo that when the sleeve is turned with this
opening facing the radiator the valve is open or there is an open
passage through it.

14. Q. What special type of radiator valve is frequently used
for steam?

A. Valves of the so-called packless type. Packless valves are

Fig. 86.— Gate Valve With Yoke.

modern and a comparatively recent improvement in method of
construction.

15. Q. What is the construction of a packless valve?

A. A packless radiator valve is a valve specially constructed
bo that the hexagon nut at the top of the bonnet does not require
any packing around the stem of the valve to make it tight. Pack-
less valves are made for both steam and hot water. Fig. 89 is a
sectional view of a packless hot water radiator valve.

VALVES AND AIR VALVES

z6. Q. What special forms of radiator valves are made for
use on steam radiators?

A. Right and left hand corner and straight-way valves, with
and without off-set.

17. Q. How are these valves used?

A. Principally when radiator connections are made above the
floor. The corner off-set valves, right or left hand, are made for
connecting a radiator directly with a riser above the floor with a
swing joint at the riser. The off-set feature of the valve allows of

Fig. 87. — Steam Radiator Valve.

free drainage from the radiator to the riser. When a radiator is
connected directly from a riser with a straight connection the
straight type of off-set valve may be employed as shown on one of
the radiators illustrating one-pipe connections. Fig. 36.

18. Q. What special types of hot water radiator valves are
to be had?

A. Several special types of hot water radiator valves are manu-
factured; these are used principally in making a flow and return
connection to a radiator when both connections are made at or
through a single opening at one end of the radiator. The Honey-
well Unique radiator valve, Fig. 90, is an illustration of a valve of
125

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

this type. The bonnet of the valve is cylindrical in shape and both
flow and return pipes are joined to it by union connections quite
similar in shape to a regular hot water union elbow. The valve
stem engages with a double gate in the form of baffles on the interior
of the body of the valve, which are set in such a position that wben
the valve is open to the radiator there is a passageway through
one side of the valve into the radiator. The return circulation
from the radiator is divided "and separated from the flow by a
projecting web in the spud of the valve which extends into the

)

^—r

Fig. 88. — Common Hot Water Radiator Valve.

radiator through one loop or section or sufficiently far to prevent
an eddy forming at the inlet and outlet of the valve', due to the
flow and return moving in opposite directions. The return circula-
tion entering the bonnet of the valve is directed towards the return
connection by one of the gates or baffles inside the valve. By
turning the wheel of the valve to close it, the gates are moved to
such a position that both flow and return passages into the radiator
are closed and the water will then circulate freely from the flow
riser through the valve to the return riser without entering the
radiator. A very small turn of the wheel (1-6) closes or opens the

126

VALVKS AND AIR VALVEB

valve by changing the position of the gates. Fig. 91 is a plan of
the valve showing the position of the gates when the valve is open,
and Fig. 92 shows the position of the gates when the valve is closed.
Another type of special hot water valve is shown by the illustra-
tion, Fig. 93. A fin or baffle divides the body of the valve in the
manner shown on the illustration, the Bow passing along the top
of this baffle and the return from the radiator entering underneath
it through special openings at the end of the spud provided for this
purpose, the illustration clearly showing the circulation through

the valve.

Fig. 89.— Packless Hot Water Radiator Valve.

Other special types of valves are employed for hot water; those
illustrated, however, will give a very good idea of the character of
the single end valve or valves for connecting both flow and return
to a single opening of the radiator.

io. Q. For what purpose arc air valves employed?

A. Air valves are used on coils, radiators and piping for the
purpose of providing an outlet for the air when it is forced from a
heating system by a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere.

tQ. How many types of air valves are manufactured?
Two general types. Positive and automatic.

STEAM. HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOK HEATING

31. Q. What is a positive air valve?

A. The regular type of positive air valve for steam is illustrated
by Fig. 94. This valve is provided with a wood wheel or handle
for operating it, and must always be opened and closed by hand.

33. Q. What type of air valve is employed on hot water
radiators?

A. A positive air valve frequently called a compression valve,
having a lock and shield and which is operated with a key, a
regularly used on a hot water system when air valves are required.
Fie. 95 shows the ordinary shape of this valve.

Fig. 90.— Honeywell Unique Radiator Valve.

33. Q. What improved type of air valve is now almost uni-
versally employed on all steam heating apparatus?

A. Automatic air valves. This valve is set so as to be always
open when cold. When heated or when steam enters the valve
it automatically closes, due to the expansion of some metal, com-
position, or liquid contained in the body of the valve, either of
which is very susceptible to the effect of heat.

24. Q. What types of automatic air valves were first em-
ployed?

A. Among the first are the Breckenridge, Jenkins, American
and Victor. The Breckenridge air valve operates by the expan-
sion and contraction of a flat brass rod which is anchored or held
rigid at each end, allowing the center, to which the valve is attached,
to bend when heated, thus closing the exhaust opening to the atmos-
phere.

VALVES AND All! VALVES

The Jenkins air valve operates by the expansion of a post
of a composition of hard rubber. This post is held rigid at the
outer end by a threaded plug to which it is attached and which
is screwed in and out of the body of the valve to adjust it. It is
B6l W lhat the end of the composition post is slightly away.from
the air inlet and when heated expands against this outlet, closing
the valve.

The Victor and American are quite similar to the Jenkins in
operation except they are smaller in size.

Fig. 91. — Unique Valve Open— Sectional View.

25. Q. What is the construction of the later or more recent
types of air valves?

A. There are dozens of shapes and varieties to be had. Some
valves of later type operate by the vaporizing of a small amount
of volatile liquid which is contained in a thin copper float on the
Interior of the valve to which the valve stem or disc is attached.
\\ hi D steam strikes the float the expansion of the float, due to the
vaporizing of the liquid, closes the valve by plugging the inlet Bhut.
Other valves employ an expansion plug and in addition contain a
light metal float open at the bottom. Air valves frequently give an-
noyance hj' leaking, due to a sudden rush of water in the radiator

6TEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

which is forced into the air valve by the steam pressure. The
light float is intended to overcome this difficulty as a sudden rush
of water will raise tbe float and temporarily close the outlet of the
valve. When the water recedes the float will drop and open tbe
outlef to allow the escape of the air.

36. Q. What condition should be guarded against in using
automatic air valves?

A. Air valves are frequently ruined by carelessness. They are
placed on new work before the boiler has been blown off to remove
the greasy scum and dirt from the system, with the result that the

Fig. 92.— Unique Valve Closed— Sectional View.

movable parts of the valve and the small inlet and outlet become
clogged with the scum or dirt.

27. Q. How may this condition be avoided?

A. Automatic air valves should not be placed on a heating
Bystem until it has been in operation for a period of a week or ten
days and has been effectually cleaned of oil and dirt. Common
compression valves should be used during this period.

28. Q. What other cause ruins the efficiency of automatic
air valves?

VALVES AND AIR VALVES

Fig. 93.— Simplex Hot Water Radiator Valve.

JV*

Fig. 94.— Wood Wheel Air Valve.

Fig. 95.— Hot Water Key Air Valve.

131

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

A. Certain types of expansion poet valves are so delicately
sensitive that when adjusted to close at a slight pressure of steam
are ruined by being subjected to a high temperature of the steam
during a period when a considerable pressure is developed for
testing piping or for blowing off the boiler. The carbon post
buckles with the expansion due to the high temperature and will
never regain its original shape and efficiency.

29. Q. What remedy is there for this condition?

A. Should the valves be in position during this period they
should be left open and their adjustment should be deferred until
normal conditions of pressure and temperature prevail.

\Z1

VACUUM, VAPOR, AND VACUO- VAPOR HEATING.

A large share of the many troubles experienced by the steam and
hot water fitter in the installation of steam and hot water apparatus
for heating are due to the presence of air in the heating system.

Air forming in pockets in various parts of the piping system
other blocks the circulation entirely or reduces the efficiency of
ihe apparatus by reducing the effective area of the pipe or radiating
surface at the point where the air pocket occurs.

Radiators and coils are often partially air bound. In a steam-
heating system this is due to the steam reaching and closing the
automatic air valve before the air is entirely exhausted from the
coil or radiator. Thus the air reduces the square feet of actual
radiating surface and the efficiency of the apparatus.

Air has been called the arch enemy of the steam fitter, as it U
the one agency against which he must continually fight in order to
meet success or in order to install successfully working heating
systems.

The development, during the last twenty-five years, of improved
methods of heating has resulted in the designing of many appliances
for ridding the heating system of air and the troubles due to it,
and these methods are variously termed vacuum heating, vapor
heating, vapor-vacuum heating, vacuo-vapor heating, etc. Since
the year 1882 heating engineers, contracting fitters and others
have been interested in the problem of circulating steam at or below
the pressure of the atmosphere. They have recognized the loss
sustained by allowing the exhaust from engines, pumps, etc., to
be wasted, and have evolved a method of utilizing it to the best
advantage in the heating system.

The following questions and answers are intended to explain
salient features of each system and to acquaint our readers with
method of their installation and the reasons for applying or
using certain special fixtures or devices.

With a knowledge of the principles of vacuum and vapor heating
and an understanding of what is to be accomplished by their use
it will be seen that the methods adopted are neither complex nor
difficult.

I. Q. What is meant by a vacuum?

A. The definition given by Webster states that a vacuum is
,ce absolutely empty or void of matter.
133

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

2. Q. Is a bottle empty in the sense that we remove from
it its visible contents?

A. No. The bottle is erroneously called empty, but it is not

for the reason that when the visible contents are removed from

a vessel it immediately refills with air, an invisible gas containing

more or less water. This gas permeates or is forced into every

opening or crevice in everything upon the face of the earth by

reason of the weight of the atmosphere.

3. Q. How can a vacuum be produced and maintained?

A. By exhausting the air from the interior of a vessel either
by the force of expansion of heat or steam or by employing some
mechanical device, and then closing or sealing the vessel against
the return of the air, or removing from it the pressure of the atmos-
phere.

4. Q. What is the pressure of the atmosphere, or atmos-
pheric pressure as it is commonly called?

A. The earth is surrounded to the height of something over
forty miles with a bait of elastic gas or atmosphere. This air
contains more or less moisture which, owing to its weight, exerts
a pressure upon the surface of the earth, and all objects upon it,
of approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch.

5. Q. Is there a difference in the pressure of the atmosphere
at various points upon the earth's surface?

A. Atmospheric pressure is usually based upon the pressure at
sea level; the air at sea level is much more dense than at higher
altitudes, consequently the weight of air or atmospheric pressure
upon a mountain is much less than at the level of the sea.

6. Q. How does atmospheric pressure affect the working of
a steam heating apparatus?

A. Owing to the pressure of the atmosphere water (at sea level)
will not boil* until a temperature of 212 degrees Fahr. has been
reached. By removing this pressure entirely the water will boil
at approximately 98 degrees. No steam can be produced or flow
through the pipes and radiators of a heating system until there L3
developed a pressure sufficient to overcome that of the atmosphere.

7. Q. How does the pressure of the atmosphere affect the
piping and radiation or the steam space of the heating system?

A. Through the air valve openings of the system the pressure

of the atmosphere is exerted against the water in it, and therefore

a pressure exceeding that of the atmosphere must be developed

at the boiler to drive the air out of the system before Che piping

and radiators will fill with steam.

134

VACUUM, VAPOR, AND VACUO-VATOB HEATIKG

8. Q. What is this pressure called when registered at the
boiler?

A. Gauge pressure, as it represents the pressure on the system,
as indicated by the steam gauge, above that of the atmosphere.

9. Q. What is absolute pressure?

A. Absolute pressure is the gauge pressure shown plus 14.7
pounds, the pressure of the atmosphere. When the steam gauge
registers 2 pounds at the boiler there is an absolute pressure on
the system of 16,7 pounds, or 2+ 14.7 pounds.

10. Q. Can a complete vacuum be produced on a heating
system?

A. No, this is practically impossible; in fact it is unnecessary*
Any vacuum whatever shows the absence of air in the system and
this is the object of all appliances used for vacuum heating; a very
slight vacuum being usually sufficient to produce the desired
results.

11. Q. How does vacuum heating affect the heating system
in the matter of economy of operation?

A. In a steam heating system a large share of the fuel burned
is required to create the pressure necessary to drive the air from
the system. This operation must be repeated pach time the system
is filled with steam, or, as we commonly say, each time steam is
raised on the system. With the pressure of the air removed any
steam produced at the boiler immediately flows uninterrupted into
the various pipes and radiators of the heating system.

12. Q. What percentage of fuel is saved by the use of a
vacuum system as compared with an ordinary steam heating
system?

A. The saving in fuel is variously estimated at from 20 to 35
per cent. This saving is conditioned largely upon the amount
of vacuum maintained on the system and the consequent lower
temperature at which the water will boil.

13. Q. Is there a difference in the velocity of the circulation
between a steam and a vacuum system?

A. Steam at low pressure may flow through the system at a
velocity of anywhere from 20 ft. to 200 ft. per second. The 8ow of
steam in a complete vacuum attains a velocity of 1550 ft. per second.
Tims a circulation in the vacuum heating system can be established
quickly.

14. Q. How is the vacuum on a heating system produced
and maintained?

A. The first types of vacuum systems were those used in con-

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAI>OR HEATING

nection with exhaust heating on large installations, and on these
systems it was customary to use a pump having a large cylinder,
called a vacuum pump or a special type of apparatus called an
exhauster to pump or suck the air out of the heating system and to
maintain a vacuum. The later types of vacuum appliances, as
are used for house heating, are not all mechanical. The vacuum
under which many small systems are operated is created by the
condensation of steam, special appliances in the way of special air
valves, traps, or other devices being employed to maintain the
vacuum so produced.

15. Q. What other help to a heating system is given by
vacuum pump, exhauster, or similar appliance?

A. The return of the condensation or water to the boiler is
hastened, or accelerated, as the pump or exhauster not only sucks
or pumps the air, but also sucks or drains the condensation from
the various coils and radiators.

16. Q. Of what benefit is this on some types of installations?
A. It is frequently necessary or desirable to locate radiators

or coils below the water line of the system. In this event the
pump or exhauster lifts the return water to a height above that of
the water line in order that it may be returned to the boiler by
gravity.

17. Q. What character of piping is used for a vacuum
system?

A. Various styles of installations are used, dependent upon
the character of the system employed. An important condition
is that the piping be erected absolutely air tight; that the stuffing
boxes of all valves be carefully packed and made tight, or that a
valve of the packless variety be used, and also that all boiler trim-
mings should be tight fitting.

18. Q. What is the reason for this precaution?

A. Should air leak into the system through loose joints or
loose stuffing boxes of valves any vacuum developed on the system
would be immediately destroyed and the benefits of employing
the vacuum appliances would be lost.

19. Q. What other features make a vacuum system par-
ticularly desirable?

A. The low cost of installing the system; the employment of a
less amount of radiation than would be required for other systems,
particularly that required for hot water heating; and the removal
of all danger from frosts or leaks, the system being absolutely dry
above the basement. The trouble frequently experienced from

13<>

VACUUM, VAl'OIt, AND VACUO-VAPOH IIKATING

the inability to drain long runs of piping or. as before stated, any
radiation located below the water line of the boiler, ia overcome and
is a point of efficiency gained by the use of a vacuum system.

zo. Q. What principle is employed in producing a vacuum
by the condensation of steam?

A. Water, when converted into steam, occupies a space approxi-
mately seventeen hundred times as great as it did in the form of
water, a cubic inch of water producing seventeen hundred cubic
inches of. steam. When, therefore, a radiator or coil filled with
steam is allowed to cool, but one seventeen-hundredth part of
the space is occupied by the water of condensation, the remain-
ing portion of the space filling with air (if the air valve U open) or
if the air valve is closed and all connections are absolutely tight,
this space is left a void, producing a vacuum in the radiator or coil.

21. Q. Can this vacuum be maintained continuously?

A. It is rather hard to construct an absolutely air-tight system
of piping and radiator connections, and therefore a vacuum pro-
duced on a heating system will after several hours be destroyed by
leakage of air unless some device for maintaining it is employed.

33. Q. How is vacuum measured or registered?

A. In inches. If a tube of mercury were connected to an air
valve opening of a radiator under a vacuum, the suction of the
vacuum would pull the mercury a number of inches up the tube.
A complete vacuum would raise the mercury 29.92 inches; therefore
we speak of the result as having 29.92 inches of vacuum and under
this condition the water in the system would boil at a temperature
of 98 degrees.

33. Q. Give the boiling point of water when the apparatus
is under a partial vacuum?

A. The following table will shoTV the temperature at which
water will boil from complete vacuum to a gauge pressure of 10
pounds:

BOILING POINT OF WATER.

ich™. Boiling Point of W.ir.r or

a Pounds. TempprMure.

100
102

114
125
133

t deg. Falir.

STEAM, HOT WATEK, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

Vacuum in Inches.

Boiling Point of Water or
Temperature.

Steam Pressure in Pounds.

146 dcg. Fahr.

152

157

161

165

169

172

Inches

175

178

Vacuum

181

184

186

188

191

194

196

199

201

203

205 '

207

208

210

Atmospheric

Pressure 212 '

215

219

222 '

Gauge

225

Pressure

227

Pounds

U
7
8
9
10

230

232 '

235

237

240

24. Q. What is vapor heating?

A. Vapor heating may be said to be the circulation of vapo
or steam at a pressure slightly above that of the atmosphere
This circulation is accelerated or assisted by the use of certaii
appliances which remove the air pressure and increase the velocit;
of the flow.

138

VACUUM, VAPOR, AND VAC0O-VAPOB HKATINQ

25. Q. What pressure is ordinarily used on a vapor system?
A. A vapor system is provided with a controlling device which

prevents the steam from attaining a pressure of more than a few
ounces, this appliance closing the drafts of the boiler and regulating
the amount of heat from the fire.

26. Q. What advantage, if any, has the vapor system over
the vacuum system of heating ?

A. Practically none, except that the low temperature carried
on the apparatus may be considered as an advantage. The range
of temperature on a vacuum system may be from the temperature
of a low vacuum to any steam pressure desired. The range of tem-
peratures on a vapor system is that obtained from a low vacuum
to practically 212 degrees, the boiling point of water.

27. Q. What is known as the vapor-vacuum system or a
vacuo-vapor system of heating?

A. A combination of the principles of both vapor and vacuum
heating which allows a considerable pressure to be carried on the
system when desired, or the system may be operated at as low a
temperature as the amount of vacuum produced will allow.

28. Q. What amount of radiation is necessary for a vacuum
system?

A. Approximately 10 per cent, less than would be required
for the regular type of steam heating apparatus; it being conceded
that the removal of all air from the system increases the efficiency
of the radiating surface about 10 per cent, and therefore decreases
the amount of radiation necessary for use on an open system.

2g. Q. What amount of radiation is required for a vapor
system?

A. Practically the same amount of radiation as would be
required for a regular hot water system of heating, the range of
temperatures corresponding very closely to those of an open tank
hot water apparatus.

30. Q. What amount of radiation is necessary for a vapor-
vacuum or vacuo-vapor system?

A. Approximately 70 per cent, of the radiation required for the
open tank hot water system or possibly 10 per cent, more than would
be required for vacuum steam system. The amount of radiation
required for vacuum heating would be sufficient for vapor-vacuum
or a vacuo-vapor heating system, but in order to obtain the best
and most, economical results the system should be operated at
temperatures, and therefore a slight increase in the amount
radiation is advisable.

low
, of

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

31. Q. What vacuum systems were first employed for heat-
ing?

A. The Williams, Webster and Paul systems were undoubtedly
the first to be used, at least, to any great extent. Mr. N. P.
Williams took out the original patents of his vacuum system in
the year 1882.

32. Q. What is the principle of operation of vacuum heating
systems?

A. The operation of a vacuum system is based upon the flow
of steam and condensation from a pressure slightly above into a
pressure slightly below that of the atmosphere, or into a partial
vacuum. The air in the system is exhausted before turning on
the steam, wh'ch then flows rapidly into the lower temperature.

33. Q. How may vacuum systems of heating be classified?
A. First, those systems employed for heating factories or

large buildings — mechanical systems we may call them — where
exhaust steam or steam at high pressure is available for heating
purposes, and a pump, exhauster or other appliance is used to create
and maintain the vacuum. The Williams, Webster, Paul, Van
Auken and others are of this class. Second, those systems operating
without pressure other than that obtained from the ordinary low
pressure boiler, the vacuum being maintained by a mercury seal,
hydraulic pump or other device. Among these are found the
systems of the Vacuum Heating Co. (Trane), the K — M — C System
(Morgan Patents), Gorton (Jenkins Bros.), Dunham (C. A. Dun-
ham), Bishop-Babcock-Becker Co., Eddy and several others.

140

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF VACUUM HEATING.

i. Q. Describe the Webster System of vacuum heating.

A. On a Webster system the vacuum is produced by a pump.
On the return end of all radiators or pipe coils and at the base of
all risers or drainage points a motor valve having a water seal is

\ser

*B*Atvt\\.

jtnJt%r UaW

TUWw

Fig. 96.— Webster Motor Valve on Riser.

placed. Fig. 96 shows the valve connected at the base of a riser,
a dirt pocket being provided at each low point.

An air trap on the interior of which is a corrugated float partially
filled with a volatile liquid which vaporizes at a low temperature
is also used in place of the motor valve. This operates much the
same as some types of automatic air valves.

141

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATISfl|

When steam is turned into a radiator or coil, the air is H
forced out quickly through the motor valve or trap which clan
against the steam. When sufficient condensation has accumulated
to lift the float of the valve or trap, the water passes into the return
and the float returns to its former position.

The original device used for many years by the Webster Com-
pany on the return end of heating units was called a thermostatic
valve in which a composition hard rubber post governed the opera-
tion of the valve by expansion. The vacuum pump delivers the

Fig. 97.— Paul Exhauster— Low Pressure.

air and condensation together to a separating tank or receiver
which is vented to the atmosphere, the air passing out of this vent
and the water returning to the system. In the installation of the
system the usual exhaust steam specialties such as pumps, separa-
tors, feed water heaters, etc., may be used according to the character
of the installation.

a. Q. Who designed and developed what is known as the
Paul System of vacuum heating ?

A. Mr. Andrew G. Paul, an engineer who early realised the
value and effectiveness of the vacuum method of heating.

3- Q

MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF VACUUM SEATING

Q. In what way docs the method designed by Mr. Paul
differ from the Webster System?

A. The Webster system makes use of a pump which relieves
thf system of air and water through a single return pipe from each
radiator connected into main return and air lines, hence all radiators
and coils are connected as for the two-pipe system.

The Paul system makes use of an appliance called an exhauster,
and the suction of this device being on the air line only the radia-
tors may be connected one or two-pipe as circumstances require.

coil?

placed on each radiator or

A special type of automatic air valve with a drip connection
called a Paul air valve.

5. Q. How are these air valves connected to the system?

A. By air lines. A smalt air pipe is connected to the drip of
each air valve and these air pipes are in turn connected into a larger
air pipe or air line which terminates at the exhauster in the base-

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

ment which produces a suction on the air lines and maintains the
vacuum.

6. Q. How is the exhauster constructed?

A. In the form of a steam jet. Fig. 97 shows the construction
of the exhauster as used for low pressure, and Fig. 98 the type
used for high pressure or larger installations.

7oJti»o$AAer*

Fig. 99. — Paul System — Down Feed Exhaust

7. Q. How does the Paul System operate?

A. The exhausting device is first started and all air is removed
from the piping and radiators and the system is placed under a
vacuum. Steam is then turned on and flows through the system
quickly, uninterrupted by atmospheric pressure. Fig. 99 shows

144

MECHANICAL SYSTEM OP VAC'IT'.M HEATING

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

the Paul system applied to a single-pipe, down-fed exhaust system,
and Fig. 100 its application to two-pipe systems of exhaust heating.

8. Q. What are some of the advantages of the Paul System?
A. (a) It may be applied to any old air bound steam system

that is reasonably tight so long as proper means are provided for
the return of the water of condensation to the boiler; (b) unlike
a pump, the exhauster or jet device has no movable parts to require
lubrication or to get out of repair; (c) the economical features are
astonishing. It has been repeatedly shown that where the Paul
system has been installed in remodeling old systems the saving in
fuel for a single season has paid the entire expense of remodeling the
system.

9. Q. Are the principles used in the Paul system applied to
any other systems of vacuum heating?

A. Yes, in a modified form air exhausters or aspirators are
employed. Compressed air from a small air compressor driven
by rfn electric motor can be substituted for steam when steam
power is not available for the exhauster.

The vacuum may be maintained on the air lines only or the
whole system may be placed under a vacuum.

10. Q. How do the Van Auken and other systems operate?
A. The heating system is drained and the system relieved of

air through a special form of automatic appliance attached to the
return end of the radiator. That used on the Van Auken system
is called a Belvac Thermofier; other systems use air traps. Regard-
less of the name and construction of each appliance all of them
perform the same function, viz., automatically drain the conden-
sation and relieve the air from radiating surfaces of the heating
system.

11. Q. What methods are followed in the construction of
all air and condensation traps or valves?

A. Two distinct principles are used which may be called the
flotation principle and the thermostatic principle, and in some
valves or traps these principles are in a measure combined.

12. Q. What is the flotation method or principle?

A. This method is so called from the fact that a float is utilized
in the chamber of the trap, usually a metal float, which is loose
in the chamber and which rises and falls with the accumulating
and relieving of the condensation in the trap, rising to allow the
condensation to flow out of the radiator and falling to close the
orifice or opening through the trap to prevent loss of steam into
the return.

146

MECHANICAL SYSTEM OF VACUUM HEATING

13. Q. What is the thermostatic principle?

A. In many respects the same as applied to the construction of
automatic air valves. The operation of a thermostatic air trap
depends upon the fact that steam is hotter than the condensation
and that air is heavier than steam and therefore collects at the
bottom of a radiator.

In some thermostatic valves an expansion post constructed with
a composition of hard rubber is used. In others a volatile liquid
is contained in a thin copper, receptacle and in either case these
expand when heated and contract when cooled. When in contact
with the water of condensation the trap remains open to allow
the water to enter the return. As soon as the radiator is emptied
of water and steam comes in contact with the valve the composition
post expands or the volatile liquid vaporizes (causing expansion)
and closes the valve against the steam.

147

NON-MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEMS.

i. Q. Are the vacuum systems known as "non-mechanical"
systems operated without the use of mechanical devices?

A. Not all of them. They seem to be known as non-mechanical
systems in order to distinguish them from the mechanical as applied
to exhaust or high pressure systems. Many of the vacuum systems
applied to ordinary low pressure steam heating or small installa-
tions make use of mechanical devices to produce and maintain the
vacuum.

2. Q. Describe the Trane Vacuum System (Vacuum Heat-
ing Company).

A. The Trane system is a mercurial system; that is to say, the
vacuum is held by immersing the end of the air line in a pot of
mercury which prevents the air from returning to the system
through the air valves after once having been exhausted.

3. Q. What is this mercurial device called and how con-
structed?

A. It is called a mercury seal. The general construction is
shown by Fig. 101. The air line is connected into the top of the
seal, the pipe extending through the chamber of it to a point near
the bottom. At the bottom of the device is a casting having a
hollow cup on the top side which holds the mercury and into which
the air line projects. From the side of this chamber a pipe leads
to the atmosphere through which the air is exhausted.

4. Q. What special appliances are used on the radiators for
this system?

A. Packless radiator valves should be used although a radiator
valve with a well-packed stuffing box may be substituted. The
radiators may be connected one-pipe or two-pipe as may be desired.
The air valves used are a special type of Paul air valve having a
large expansion post (Fig. 102) which has a drip connection and
from the drip connection of each air valve a small air pipe connects
with an air line in the basement. This air line may be carried
directly under the cellar joists, terminating at a point near the
boiler, where it drops and connects to the mercury seal. The air
line should be carefully graded to pitch downward toward the
mercury seal.

148

XOK-MEl'HANlCAL VACUUM SYSTEM

5. Q. How does this system operate?

A. Steam generated in the boiler at a few ounces of pressure
will flow through the radiators, driving the air out of them through
the air valves into the air line and finally out of the system through
the mercury seal. The air cannot return through the air line and

/T a/n rt/r l/ne. -

Fig. 101.— Trane Vacuum Mercury Seal System.

air valves owing to the mercury seal. By checking the fire a vac-
uum is produced on the apparatus which can be maintained for
several hours. Should any air find its way into the system through
a leak or otherwise it may again be expelled by repeating the above
operation.

149

BTEAM, HUT WATEK, VACCUM AND VAPOR HEATlNti

6. Q. What range of temperatures may be had by using
this system?

A. A range of temperatures from practically 100 degrees to 2.50
degrees Fahr. (equaling IS pounds pressure) may be obtained or
used with this system.

7. Q. Are any other special appliances necessary for this
method of heating?

A. No further appliances are required other than have been
mentioned. In the installation of the system it is well to PM
extreme care that there is a perfect drip of all condensation into

the return line and back to the boiler so that all condensation may
return to the boiler by gravity. A wet return system of piping is
the best method to use and the connections to radiators should be
made from the top of the steam main. If only one radiator is
connected the vertical air line should be \i inch and the horizontal
line ?g inch in size, and where two or more radiators connect into
the same line the pipe should be increased to >•£ inch; in the base-
ment the air line risers are joined into a common air line ?4 inch or
larger according to the size of the apparatus or the number t
radiators employed on the work.

NON-MKCHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEM

8. Q. What method is known as the K-M-C system, de-
signed by D. F. Morgan ?

A. The K~~5t — C system makes use of a mercury appliance
similar to that employed by the Vacuum Heating Company, and in
addition to this a small tank, called an accumulating tank, into
which the air line connects in order ta condense any vapor or steam
which might enter into the return line. The air connection from
the tank to the mercury seal device passes through floating checks
and thence from the mercury or air seal to the atmosphere. When
ilic accumulating tank is placed in a horizontal position the con-
nections to checks and mercury seal are made as shown by Fig. 103.
When there is sufficient head room to place the tank in a vertical

ucortrtecr/ory ro

FLOATiriG CHCCKS
WH£T/t rAHK IS

j£:r vertical
Fig. 103.— K-M-C Vertical Checks— Vertical Tank.

position the Huatiug checks are connected as shown by Fig. 104.
This illustration does not show the connection to the mercury seal.
9. Q. What device is used on the return end of a radiator
as an air trap or to prevent the steam from entering the air line?
A. A special form of air valve called a retainer valve of the shape
and character shown by Fig. 105 is employed in place of an ordinary
air valve. This valve is of the float and expansion variety and is
so constructed as to immediately close when steam enters it.

Q. What type of radiator valve is employed for use on
M-C system?
A special packless diaphragm radiator valve is recommended.
Q. How, and of what size, is the air piping installed for
use with this system?

A. Practically the same as for all other air line system*. A

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR BEATING

small pipe connects the bottom of the retainer valve with a horuoa-
tal air line, the horizontal connections being made slightly larger
than the vertical connections from the radiators. In the event
of the air lines from two radiators being connected together the
site of piping is increased to }-£ inch and the air line proper which
is run in the basement may be % inch or 1 inch, according to the
sise of the job. There should be a continued pitch of the air lines
from the radiators to the point where they are connected to the
accumulating tank.

13. Q. What is known as the Gorton system of heating?

A. The Gorton system of heating is a vacuum system formerly
owned by the Gorton & Lidgerwood Co., now manufactured and
marketed by Jenkins Brothers Co. Unlike the systems which

ZOfiTAL.
Pig. 104.— K-M-C Vertical Checks— Horizontal Tank,

have been described, the Gorton system makes use of a radiator
connection at the top of a radiator, similar to a radiator connected
for vapor heating, the return being taken from the bottom of the
opposite end. The Gorton system is a two-pipe system. A
special type of appliance called a relief valve is connected from the
top of a steam main to a relief pipe on the return main and operates
in the same manner as an automatic air valve. Fig. 106 shows the
method of connecting the relief valve to the heating system. Its
purpose is later described under the method of operating this
system.

13. Q- To what type of heating installations can the Gorton
system be applied to advantage?

A. The Gorton system is particularly adapted to small or

NON MECHANICAL VACl'UM SYSTEM

moderate sized systems in which the water returns to the boiler by
gravity without the use of a pump or other mechanical device, and
unlike a number of the non-mechanical vacuum systems the return
from the system should be the ordinary dry return, dropping down
at the boiler in the usual manner and a loop seal is used at the end
of the main.

14. Q. What type of radiator valve is employed on a Gorton
system?

A. A fractional, or graduated supply, radiator valve is used
on each radiator or unit of radiation, by the use of which the

Fig. 105.— Retainer Valve — K--M-C System.

amount of steam or vapor supplied to each radiator is limited or
controlled.

15. Q. What type of valve or trap is employed on the return
end of a radiator for this system?

A. A special valve called an automatic drainage or impulse
valve is placed at the end of each radiator to connect it with the
return, the seat of which is made considerably smaller than the
pipe connection. Fig. 107 shows the construction of this valve.
The seat is inserted at such an angle a« to prevent wedging or
sticking and will pass the ordinary dirt in the system without
trouble. A cone projects from the disc of the valve into the opening
of the seat and a counterweight is applied in such a manner tha*

HTEAM, HOT WATER, VACCCM AND VAPOR HEATING

they both act to render the opening of the valve very gradual for
differences in pressure.

1 6. Q. How is the air removed from the system?

A. The air removal is accomplished by means of the automatic
relief valve illustrated by Fig. 108, which is acted upon by the
varying pressures created in the return pipe by reason of the pres-
ence of air or steam.

17. Q. What type of radiators are used for this system?

A. . Radiators of the hot water type having top and bottom con-
nections through them.

18. Q. How does the Gorton system operate?

A. Steam is generated and enters the main, the friction of its

JuM»m.ArXic

Fig. 106. — Method of Connecting Relief Valve — Gorton System.

movement causing a slight pressure in the boiler, which communi-
cates to the under side of the diaphragm of the relief valve and
closes the air outlet, which remains closed until the pressure passes
into the radiators and opens the drainage valve, compressing the
air in the return. The relief valve then opens and exhausts this
air from the system, the flow continuing until all air passes out of
radiators and return pipes and the pressure in the return is suffi-
ciently reduced to allow the relief valve to close. By reducing the
weight upon the relief valve a little more than is necessary to close
it, and leaving it just heavy enough to open when the system is
cooled down, it is very easy to keep the return pipes partially filled
with air at all times. This air flows along with the steam and

154

NON-MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEM

cools at the relief valve ready to discharge whenever an additional
amount of air is returned from a radiator. Owing to the top con-
nection of the radiator and the graduated supply valve used, any
radiator may be partially heated, admitting sufficient steam or
vapor to the radiator as may be required by the condition of the
weather.

iq. Q. What is known as the Dunham system of vacuum
heating ?

A. The Dunham vacuum system is an air line system in which
all air is returned to a receiving tank located above the boiler.
A special form of radiator or air trap is the distinguishing feature
of the Dunham system, a sectional view of which is shown by Fig.

Fig. 107.— Impulse Valve— Gorlon System.

109. These traps are made for a straightway or angle connection.
The trap permits the discharge of all water of condensation and air
from the radiator without the loss of steam. The end of a pipe
loop called an equalizing tube extends into the boiler to a point
level with the water line. On the end of this tube is a bell shaped
attachment. This equalizing tube is used to keep the pressure
in the boiler from communicating itself to the receiving tank until
such a time as the water of condensation in the tank (due to the
condensation of steam from the boiler) will be sufficient to cause
the water in the boiler to lower below the bell of the equalizing
tube. At this moment steam from a dome of the boiler rushes

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND "VAPOR HEATING

up through the equalising tube, the end of which is now open in
the steam dome, and into the tank; steam entering the tank closes
an air valve located at the top and the swing check valves on the
return lines connected to the tank, thus equalising the pressure in
the tank with that in Che boiler and the water which has* accumu-
lated in the tank flows back into the boiler through the check
valves at the bottom return openings, raises the water line in the
boiler and seals the bottom oithe equalizing tube.

The tank is now full of steam and as this steam condenses a
vacuum is formed in all of the return lines. Fig. 110 shows the
method of making connections to the boiler and tank.

20. Q. What method is used by the Bishop-Babcock-Becker
system of vacuum heating?

Fig. 108. — Automatic Relief Valve — Gorton System.

A. The Bishop-Babcock-Becker system is a vacuum system
installed with the regular air line method of exhausting the air.
To the end of the air line there is attached an hydraulic pump which
is so adjusted as to create and maintain any desired vacuum on
the apparatus. It produces and maintains the vacuum positively,
it being equipped with an automatic cut-off so that when the degree
of vacuum has been attained for which this cut-off is adjusted the
pump stops, and when the vacuum drops slightly below this point
the pump automatically begins to operate, continuing to suck the
air out of the system until the desired degree of vacuum is again
produced.

21. Q. What method of piping is used for this system?

A. The method of piping employed is similar to that used for
the one-pipe system of gravity steam heating. Connections to
radiators should be made in such a manner that all condensation

156

NON-MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEM

will return from the radiators to the main through the supply
branches, and the drip from the main should convey the condensa-
tion to the boiler by gravity. An automatic air valve having a
drip connection is placed at the end of eaoh radiator and the air
line connections from this drip to an air line main in the basement
which terminates at the pump connection. A condensing appara-
tus is placed near the pump to condense any steam that may be
drawn into the air line. Fig. 110 shows the pump and condenser.

23. Q. What type of radiator valve is used with the Bishop-
Babcock- Becker system?

A. Any good type of a tight radiator valve may he used al-
though a packless radiator valve is preferred.

33. Q. What amount of vacuum should be carried on this
system ?

Fig. 109.— Dunham Air Trap.

A. It is usual to operate the pump until there is about 7 inches
of vacuum on the system and the automatic cut-off on the pump
should then be set to maintain this vacuum.

34. Q. What amount of water pressure is necessary for the
operation of the hydraulic pump with this system?

A. This pump can be used where the water pressure is 20 pounds
or more and is built in various sizes suitable for any size of heating
apparatus.

25. Q. How does the Eddy vacuum system operate?

A. The Eddy system makes use of a combined receiving tank,
exhausting and vacuum valve. The system is particularly an air
line system, the air lines being installed in the usual manner.

26. Q. Are air valves used with this system?

A Air valves are not used. In place of air valves a small
appliance known as a retarder is introduced into the air vent open-
ing of each radiator and the air line is connected from the bottom of
each retarder.

STEAM, HUT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

37. Q. How is the vacuum produced which operates the
system?

A. By the condensation of steam, the exhausting and vacuum
valve sealing the system to the atmosphere and preventing the
(£puoifZ7no F'tpa.

frw

Fig. 110.— Connections to Boiler and Tank — Dunham System.

NON-MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEM

return of air into the system after it has once been Exhausted
This operation is entirely automatic. It may be operator! with
etcam or vapor at a temperature of 160 degrees or at a pressure of
two pounds or more if desired. The range of temperatures ob-
tained in its operation makes the system particularly serviceable.

38. Q. What other vacuum systems are in use at the present
time?

A. There are several types of vacuum systems known and
used locally in certain sections, each of which, however, embodies
some one of the principles described and illustrated in the foregoing
systems. Many of these systems are unknown except in a re-
stricted territory.

To properly classify the following systems would be a difficult
matter. We have divided them into three classes, viz.: Vapor
systems, vapor-vacuum or vacuo-vapor systems, and atmospheric
or modulated systems, although some of them might properly be
considered in the non-mechanical vacuum class.

Some of the so-called vapor systems make use of vacuum prin-
ciples and some of those called vacuum-vapor are operated prin-
cipally as vapor systems.

It would seem that in naming each system the inventor or de-
signer, in many instances, sought to adopt a name which would
distinguish his particular system from others of a similar character.
The Broomell and Mouat systems are called "Vapor" systems,
and that of the Vapor Regulator Company an "Atmospheric Vapor"
system. The Moline, Kriebel and Kinealy systems are known as
"Vacuum- Vapor" systems, and the Dunham non -mechanical
system as "Vacuo- Vapor."

Other systems such as the "Adseo" (American District Steam
Company) are known as "Atmospheric" systems, and that of the
Warren Webster Company as a "Modulating" system.

Possibly it is sufficient to say that the vacuum systems mentioned
and those described on the following pages represent the very
latest ideas and practice in the circulation of steam or vapor at or
below the pressure of the atmosphere or at a few ounces above
atmospheric pressure, and their exact classification is not so im-
portant a matter.

The one feature common to all of these systems is that no air
valves of any kind are employed on the radiators, all air being
removed through an air or return line to the basement and ex-
hausted from the system through some device installed for this
purpose.

15»

VAPOR SYSTEMS.

i. Q. What system of vapor heating may be called the orig-
inal vapor system?

A. The Broomell system was no doubt the first vapor system
to be extensively used.

2. Q. What method of piping is employed with this system?
A. Any good method of piping, where a dry line is assured,

will prove satisfactory. The sizes of mains and branches are
much smaller than those required for an ordinary steam heating
system. The return connections from the radiators are all H inch
and where two are joined together the connection should be made
% inch. The size of the main and return line is proportioned
according to the size of the installation.

3. Q. What type of radiators is used with the Broomell
system?

A. The hot water type, having the supply tapping at the top of
one end; the return tapping is usually at the bottom of the opposite
end.

4. Q. What amount of radiation is required for the Broomell
vapor system as compared with other methods of heating?

A. About the same as for an ordinary hot water heating appara-
tus. However, as with all other systems of heating, the best results
are obtained from the operation of the system when an adequate
amount of radiating surface is installed. The system being very
sensitive it is necessary to use only as much of the radiation provided
as may be necessary to supply the desired temperature in the
room.

5. Q. How are the radiators connected?

A. At the supply end a special type of radiator valve called a
quintuple valve is used and is so named from the fact that each
valve has five holes or ports through the seat, and the handle
which opens and closes the valve may be moved to open or close
one, two or more of these ports as desired. At the return end of
the radiator joining it to the return line is placed a special form
of union elbow. Fig. 112 shows a sectional view of the valve and
Fig. 113 the union elbow.

6. Q. For what reason is the special type of radiator valve
employed?

160

VAPOR SYSTEM

A. In order to admit to the radiator only as much vapor as is
required to give the necessary amount of heat. The radiator
beats downward, the upper part being first filled with vapor by
opening the valve one port and as the valve is opened further the
vapor in greater quantity flows into the radiator, heating it further
and further toward the bottom until, if desired, the entire surface
of the radiator is available for warming.

7. Q. How is the Broomell system regulated?

A. An important part — possibly the all important part — of

Fig. 111.— Pump and Condenser — Bishop-Babcock-Becker System.

the Broomell system is the combined receiver and regulator. This
controls the draft doors of the boiler and controls the amount of
heat furnished to the system.

8. Q. What is the operation of this receiver and regulator?

A. It is connected to the boiler and piping system as shown by

Fig. 114. From the top of the receiver the air line is connected to

a condensing radiator usually composed of several sections of

indirect radiation suspended below the ceiling of the basement.

161

BTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AM) \ Al'OR HEATING

The receiver operates the draft doors of the boiler by reason of a
copper float moving up and down in the receiver according to the
expansion of the water, a chain being attached from the float to
the draft doors. If the draft door is allowed to remain open in
such a manner that the chain from the damper regulator will not
operate to cloae it, the water in the receiver will rise until the
copper float engages with and lifts a lever connected with a relief
valve which opens the valve and relieves the system of the ac-
cumulated pressure.

9. Q. What pressure is ordinarily carried on the boiler \
this system?

A. It is usual to set the appliance to open the relief valve at
from 7 to 10 ounces of pressure.

10. Q. What is known as the Mouat vapor heating system?
A. The Mouat vapor system is not unlike the system already

described. Radiators are installed of similar capacity and are
connected the same as on the system already described. At the
return end of the radiator a special union elbow connection is
provided which prevents the vapor from entering the return piping.
A special form of a pressure regulator is used on the boiler which

YAI'OH SYSTEM

operates the draft doors anil the usual amount of pressure carried
on the system is from 5 to 8 ounces. A fractional radiator valve
is used on the supply of each radiator; it is placed at the top of
one end, the condensation and air being exhausted through the
opposite end of the radiator. Fig. 115 shows the character of the
installation of the system.

ii. Q. How is the piping installed for the Mouat vapor
system?

A. The supply main is run in a similar manner to the one-pipe
system of steam heating, the drip at the end of each supply line
returning wet to the boiler, the mains pitching from the boiler
toward this drip connection. The return and air line is vented
into the smoke Hue and a swing check is employed at a point where
it is connected into the return of the hoiler.

13. Q. What is the principal feature of the Mouat vapor
system?

Fig. 113. — Union Elbow— Broomdl System,

A. The Mouat regulator- The regulator or method of regu-
lation is the princ'pal feature of all vapor systems. In other
respects the system differs but very little from all systems of a
similar nature.

13. Q. Describe the installation of the Trane system of vapor
heating.

A. The Trane system is installed in quite the usual manner for
vapor heating. A supply pipe with branch connections conveys
the vapor through riser connections to the radiators, the supply
being connected into the top of the radiator. The return may be
connected from the bottom of the opposite end or in the case of
second or upper floor radiators the return may be connected from
the bottom of the supply end, making it more convenient for run-
ning the risers. The Trane system is regulated by a very sensitive
diaphragm regulator which is so adjusted as to operate the draft,
doors at a pressure of from 1 to 6 ounces, The return water of
condensation and the air in the system arc connected into a receiver,
163

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HE ATI VI

the water returning by gravity. At the receiver the air and water
separate, the air passing through the opening at the top of the
receiver and the water returning to boiler through a pipe connecting
with the return opening. A float on the inside of the receiver
makes it possible to return the water to the boiler at any time and
prevents the water from leaving the boiler even under a pressure
of several pounds. Fig. 116 shows the appearance of the receiver.
14. Q. How is the air exhausted from the radiators?'
A. A union elbow connection is made at the return of eacb

Air Lint.^,

Ifeturn to
Boiler^.

Fig. 114. — Receiver and Regulator — Broomell

radiator. The spud of the elbow connecting to the radiator is
closed with the exception of two small openings, one at the top
and one at the bottom. The top opening is small for the escape
of air and the bottom opening is made larger for the escape of
water. The bottom opening is supposed to be completely filled with
water at all times, the size of the hole being sufficient to allow the
condensation to pass from the radiator to which it is attached.

15. Q. How does the Trane system operate?

A. When a pressure of a pound or more is attained at the
1M

VAE'OK SYSTEM

boiler, and the receiver is opened to the atmosphere, water will
stand higher in the receiver than in the boiler, the same as would
be the case with water in an ordinary water column without a
top equalising connection. As the pressure increases the level of
the water rises in the receiver until the float closes the upper open-

ing. At this time the system is rilled anil the pressure throughout
becomes more uniform, there being so little difference betWWB
the pressure in the boiler and receiver that the water of condensa-
tion returns to the boiler by gravity. It is intended that sufficient
US

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

radiation be installed to warm a building with one or two ounces
of pressure or with vapor at a slight pressure above that of the
atmosphere. The various appliances used with the Trane system
are intended to be so carefully adjusted as to operate the system
at this small pressure. Vapor in the radiators is quickly condensed
and returning to the receiver at the boiler is separated from the air
and enters the boiler to be again quickly warmed. At the same
time the system is so constructed that adjustment may easily be

Fig. 116. — Receiver Trane Vapor System.

made for excessively cold weather. Fig. 117 shows the general
construction of the system.

1 6. Q. What types of radiators and valves are required for
the Trane system?

A. The radiators should be of the hot water type, having a top
and bottom connection, and the radiator valve used should be a
graduated radiator valve, or, as they are sometimes called, a frac-
tional valve, in order that the amount of vapor admitted to the
radiator may be carefully and easily regulated. As with other
vapor systems sufficient vapor may be admitted to warm only

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

the upper portion of the radiator, or one-half or three-quarters of
its surface may be used as required, the amount of surface warmed
always being conditioned by the amount of vapor admitted to it.

17. Q. Describe the vapor system of the Vapor Regulator
Company.

A. The method of piping employed for use with this system is
exactly similar to those already described. The features of the
system are the manner of regulating the pressure by a float type
of vapor regulator; the manner of draining the radiator of air
and condensation through what is known as a bushing trap which
may be used on the return end of all drop hub radiators, or through
an appliance called a union trap which is used on the return end
of any style of radiator. This trap is made in both straightway
and angle patterns. The construction of it is not unlike the

special union elbow employed with the Broomell system. The
idea of both bushing and trap is to prevent the loss of vapor into
the return line. Fig. 118 shows a detail of the regulator, non-
overflowing vent and traps.

One feature of the piping as used with this system is different
from that employed on the ordinary system of vapor heating. A
vent pipe is taken from the piping connection at the top of the
receiver to a point on the second floor, where it is connected into the
smoke flue. On this pipe is placed a non-overflowing vent, the
purpose of which is, as its name suggests, to allow the air to be
exhausted from the system without the possibility of the water
overflowing through the vent pipe should a more than ordinary
pressure be generated at the boiler. The radiators are connected

VAFOR SYSTEM

and the graduated supply valve employed precisely as with other
vapor systems. Fig. 119 illustrates the method of installing this
system.

iS. Q. What size of piping is recommended for use with
this system?

A. Pipe sines for this system are not different from other vapor
systems and the following table will give the sizes recommended
for various quantities of radiation with mains of various lengths.
In the event of an increase in the length of main beyond that given
in the table the next larger size^of supply and return is recommended.

19. Q. Describe the Moline system of vacuum-vapor heating.

A. The Moline system employs both vapor and vacuum prin-
ciples designed to operate without the use of pumps or traps and
in its general construction is in many respects similar to the ordinary
vapor heating systems. The two-pipe method of connecting the
radiators is used with the Moline system, one pipe conveying the
vapor to the radiators and the other taking the air and water
from the radiators; the principal difference between this and other
systems being the method of separating the air from the return

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

water and of keeping the air out of the system by placing it under a
partial vacuum.

20. Q. How is the air exhausted from a Moline system?

A. Through an automatic air trap which is a compound air
trap and vacuum valve. This is placed on the system at a point
near the boiler and is in reality an automatic air valve of such size,
however, that it is very quick and efficient in expelling the air,
and also prevents loss of steam.

21. Q. How does this air trap operate?

A. The operation of the trap is caused by the expansion and
contraction of a small quantity of air contained in an open bottomed
float. The usual automatic air valve operates by the expansion
and contraction of a small expansion post or by the vaporising of
volatile fluid confined in a small float. These principles are not
used on the Moline air trap.

SIZES OF SUPPLY, RETURN AND DRIP PIPES VAPOR HEATING.

Square Feet of
Radiation.

Main
Supply.

Dry
Return.

Drip.

100

175

300

500

120

800

l l A

150

1,100

175

1,600

200

2,500

225

3,600

250

22. Q. For what purpose is the Moline vacuum valve em-
ployed?

A. The Moline vacuum valve seals the piping and radiators
against the return of air after it has once been expelled from the
system.

23. Q. In the removal of air from the Moline system what
other appliances are required other than the air trap?

A. An ejector and condenser. A radiator (usually one of the
first floor radiators) is used as a condensing radiator on larger
installations; on smaller installations a coil of pipe is used on the
ceiling of the basement. A connection from the steam main is
made to this coil or radiator. Fig. 120. The appliance called an
ejector is placed on this connection and the return from the loop or
condensing radiator is connected to the air trap. The steam passing

VAPOR SYSTEM

through the ejector causes a suction which draws the air from the
system and delivers it to the air trap, from which il is exhausted
to the atmosphere. Fig. 121 shows the method of installation
and position of the various fixtures.

34. Q. What is the operation of the Moline system?

A. The first heat from the boiler expands the air and forces it
from the system through the condenser, ejector and air trap. As
soon as vapor is formed in the boiler it flows through the system
and reaching the ejector flows through it with sufficient velocity
to draw the air from the air main. This action reduces the air
pressure in the radiators and causes a more rapid circulation of
the vapor to them. After all radiators are thoroughly heated a
small quantity of vapor passes through the ports or openings in
the return valves to the condenser. When the condenser becomes
heated the vapor travels on to the air trap. After reaching the

Fig. 120. — Ejector and Condenser— Moline Systei

air trap it expands a small volume of air in the trap float and closes
the opening of the air trap so that no vapor can escape. When the
steam pressure is removed at the boiler or the system allowed to
cool the air trap cools and opens up, but the vacuum valve closes
tightly and prevents the return of air, with the result that the
system is placed under a partial vacuum and the heat given off at the
radiators condenses as long as there is any vapor in the system.
When the drafts of the boiler are again opened and a slight pressure
is raised on it above that of the atmosphere the vapor or steam can
pase without interruption into all of the radiators the same as on
a vacuum installation.

25. Q. What sizes of pipes are used in the installation of a
Moline system?

A. The mains and returns should 1"' sized as follows:

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATDO

VAPOR SYSTEM

Square Feet of Radiation.

Slae of Main.

Size of Return.

100 to 300 sq. ft.

\Yi inches

1 inches

300 to 600 "

IX "

600 to 1,000 "

2H "

m "

1,000 to 1,400 "

1,400 to 1,800 "

3H "

1,800 to 2,500 "

2,500 to 3,500 "

4H "

2^ "

3,500 to 5,000 "

2H "

SIZES OF BRANCHES AND RISER8.

? 4 inch will supply 60 sq. ft. in one radiator Yi inch return

100 " " " " M

1)4

150

it
tl

tl It
It H

it
ii

26. Q. What is known as the Kriebel system of heating?
A. The Kriebel system may be called a vapor system or a

Boff/er-

Fig. 122.— Baffler— Kriebel System.

vacuum-vapor system as its installation combines both vapor and
vacuum principles of heating.

27. Q. How is the Kriebel system installed?

A. The arrangement of the piping is very similar to that re-
quired for the ordinary low pressure gravity return steam job.
The connections to radiators are made two-pipe, the supply being
connected at the top of a radiator and the return and air line con-
nected at the bottom of the opposite end:

28. Q. What size of piping is necessary for this system?

A. As the Kriebel system operates at a temperature below
atmospheric pressure or slightly above it the piping should be the
size ordinarily employed for vapor heating, the best results being
obtained where a carefully constructed system of piping has been
installed.

173

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING !

ag. Q. What method is used in connecting the radiators fot

this system?

A. A graduated supply valve is used in order to more easily
govern the amount of vapor or steam admitted to a radiator, and
on the return end, in order to prevent the loss of vapor or steam
into the return line, there is placed a union elbow in which a small
baffler is employed; the baffler being quite similar to the clapper

-V*nf

Pig. 123— Controller— Kriebel System.

of an ordinary swing check valve, but lightened to such an extent
that a very small weight of water will operate it. When sufficient
condensation has collected to open the baffler the water is passed
through into the return line, when it immediately closes against
the steam or vapor. Fig. 122 illustrates this elbow.

Fig. 124.— Circulation Through Radiator— Kriebel System.

30. Q. How is the air expelled from a Kriebel system?

A. Through an appliance known as a vapor-vacuum controller.
This controller is in reality an expansion air trap composed of a
brass expansion tube and valve held in an iron frame which is
attached to the ceiling of the basement at a point near the boiler.
This controller has an adjusting device on the valve, a spring
holding the seat in place, and there is also provided an air outlet

VAPOR SYSTEM

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

with a baffler. The controller allows all air to escape from the
system until sufficient beat reaches it to close it by expansion, when
the piping system is held under a vacuum. The character of the
controller is shown by Fig. 123.

31. Q. Describe the operation of the Kriebel system.

A. Shortly after the fire has been started in the boiler, the
vapor commences to rise from the water in it and to flow through
the main supply pipe into the radiators. As the vapor enters the
piping the air is forced ahead of it and discharged from the radiators
through the bafflers into the air and returp line. From there it is
ejected from the system through the. controller, the controller at
this time acting as a large air valve for the entire system. As
soon as the heat enters the brass expansion tube of the controller
it expands and closes the exhaust opening; this action closes the
system against the pressure of the atmosphere.

The system is now filled with vapor or steam and when the
drafts of the boiler are closed the system is placed under a vacuum
by reason of the action of the controlling device and all radiators
will continue to give off heat as long as there is any vapor present
in the system. Immediately more heat is provided at the boiler
by opening the drafts, the vapor or steam generated flows unin-
terrupted through all the piping and radiating surfaces. The
system is very simple in operation.

The flow of vapor through a radiator is illustrated by Fig. 124.
The vapor enters at the top of one end of the radiator, passes to
the opposite end and condenses as it settles toward the bottom of
each loop. Fig. 125 illustrates the 1 manner of piping and general
method of installing the Kriebel system.

176

ATMOSPHERIC AND MODULATED SYSTEMS.

I. Q. What system is known as the "Atmospheric system"?

A. The Adsco system of tbe American District Steam Co.

a. Q. Describe this system and its method of operation.

A. This system is adapted for use with the one-pipe circuit or
regular one-pipe gravity method of piping. It is not a vacuum
system as no vacuum principles are applied. It is intended that
only so much steam as is required be admitted to each radiator
and for this purpose a graduated supply valve is employed and the
supply connection is made at the top of one end of each radiator,
which should be of the hot water type; the condensation leaves the
radiator through a union elbow at the bottom of the opposite end
of the radiator and is returned to boiler through a gravity return,
where it is connected into a graduated receiver which is open to
the atmosphere through a vent line connected into a chimney flue.
The condensation passes by gravity from tbe bottom of the receiver
to the boiler.

The system operates without pressure except that of a few
ounces at the boiler.

3. Q. What special appliance controls the operations of the
boiler?

A. A combined damper regulator and relief valve which is
extremely sensitive and will operate the drafts of the boiler with a
few ounces of pressure. It is connected to the boiler in tbe same
manner as the water bottle of a common diaphragm regulator and
will maintain an equal pressure at all times.

4. Q. What type of boiler is used with this system, and what
boiler capacity should be provided?

A. Any good type of low pressure boiler may be used. The
boiler selected should have a low water line so there may be suffi-
cient height in the average cellar or basement from the water line
of the boiler to the top of the receiver into which the returns must
connect.

The boiler should have at least 50 per cent, more rated capacity
than the actual square feet of radiation to be supplied.

5. Q. What is the character of the receiver into which the
returns are connected?

A. A specially constructed cylindrical shaped casting with

STEAM, HOT WATEK, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

openings at the top for air outlet and return connections and an
opening at the bottom for drip or return connections to the boiler.
On the receiver is placed a scale graduated in ounces and a water
gauge, the glass of which is open to the atmosphere.

6. Q. Can this system be applied to heating installations
other than of the character described?

A. This system (by the addition of some special gauges, etc.)
may be used on high pressure installations (with reduced pressure)
or an apparatus receiving the steam supply from a central plant

7. Q. What size of piping is required for the Atmospheric
system?

A. The following table gives the size of main and return piping
recommended for installations of various size:

SIZES OF MAIN AND RETURN — ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM.

Square Feet of
Radiation.

Main Steam
Pipe.

Feet

Vx Inch

125

i}4 "

200

m "

300

600

2Vi "

900

2,200

3,600

6,000

Return Pipe.

Length of Pipe of
Given Sizes. (See Note.)

Inch

30 Feet

60 '

70 '

140 '

200 '

250 *

300 '

350 '

2V 2

a .

650 '

Note. — If greater length of pipe is required than is given in the table, use
next larger size.

8. Q. What is the Webster modulation system of heating?

A. A two-pipe steam system connected with the ordinary type
of low pressure boiler and so installed that a pressure of from
8 ounces to 1^ pounds will furnish all heat necessary. There
is no pressure on the return lines as they are vented to the atmo-
sphere and therefore no possibility of water hammer in the piping.

Graduated supply valves are used on the radiators (which should
be of the hot water type) the connection being made at the top of
the radiator. The return is connected from the bottom of the
end opposite to the supply and at this point a special automatic
device called a water-seal motor is placed which takes the place
of the usual valve or air trap on the return.

178

ATMOSPHERIC AND MODULATED SYSTEM

9. Q. What method of piping is employed for this system?

A. The method of piping is very much the same as that em-
ployed for the regular two-pipe gravity system of steam heating,
except that smaller sizes of piping are used. No air valves are used
or required with this system.

179

HEATING GREENHOUSES.

x. Q. What modern methods are employed for warming
greenhouses and conservatories?

A. Steam and hot water systems are both used; steam at low
pressure or hot water, both open tank and pressure systems.

2. Q. Which system is more generally employed?

A- Hot water. There are doubtless four or five hot water
systems used to one of steam.

3. Q. What reason can be assigned for this favoring of hot
water?

A. Several conditions contribute to this. Thousands of the
smaller greenhouses and conservatories are maintained for the
propagation of choice flowers for private use and these are in-
variably heated with hot water. Steam is used more particularly
in commercial houses of large acreage in which hothouse vegetables,
fruits or flowers are grown for market sale. Houses of this char-
acter have firemen who attend the heating apparatus day and night;
on the contrary the heating plant in a smaller or private conserva-
tory seldom has night attendance and for this reason hot water
heat is preferred, as should the fire for any reason get low the water
continues to circulate and give off heat for hours.

4. Q. Which type of apparatus is considered to be the best
for the propagation of fruit, vegetables, or flowers?

A. Hot water. The heat from hot water in circulation is mild
and the atmosphere in a house heated by hot water is balmy and
humid and well adapted to the strong and healthy growth of the
plants.

5. Q. Which is the more economical system to use — steam
or hot water?

A. Hot water is the more economical with regard to the fuel
requirements, and a considerable saving in fuel is effected by
using hot water in preference to steam. As the cost of heating is
the largest single item of the florists' expenses, this fact no doubt
has largely to do with their preference for hot water heat.

6. Q. In what shape are greenhouses usually built* and how
are they constructed?

A. As a rule greenhouses are built long and narrow. Some
houses have an aisle two and one-half or three feet wide in the

180

HEATING GREENH0U8K8

centre with beds from four to six feet wide on either side. Larger
bouses have a wide centre bed in addition to those on the sides
and consequently have two aisles. The general construction of
all commercial houses is similar. They are sided with boarding
single or double to the height of the beds; the roof and ends above
this line are glass. In low built houses the eaves of the roof begin
slightly above the outer edge of the beds. In larger houses there is
sometimes a belt of glass between the eaves of the roof and the beds.
The pitch of the roof is about one-third to the ridge. Large private
conservatories and those in parks and botanical gardens are built
in a variety of shapes with all sorts of roof construction, making
it necessary to adapt the heating system to the style of construction
followed.

7. Q. How ts the radiation required for heating a greenhouse
determined ?

A. The amount of glass surface is alone figured in estimating
radiation as practically all of the cooling surface is glass.

8. Q. How can the glass surface in the ordinary greenhouse
be quickly determined?

A. For an approximate estimate, when only the dimensions of
the house are given, the glass surface may be considered as equal
to the length of the building multiplied by the width plus one-
third; the one-third allowance being equal to the ends and the
pitch of the roof. Whould the greenhouse have a belt of glass on
the sides and ends, this additional glass surface should be added.

9. Q. What temperature must be maintained inside of a
greenhouse in zero weather?

A. The temperature required depends upon the character of the
plants or flowers grown. A night temperature is figured on the
basis of zero outside and 45 to 55 degrees inside for carnations,
GO to 65 degrees for roses, 55 to 60 degrees for chrysanthemums, etc.

10. Q. What kind of radiating surface is employed for green-
house heating ?

A. Pipe coils are used almost exclusively on account of the
large area of surface covered by a pipe coil and the more evenly
distributed heat.

11. Q. How is the amount of radiating surface required de-
termined?

A. For steam to obtain the square feet of heating surface
divide glass surface by 7 to obtain a temperature of 50 degrees.
&/i for 55 degrees, for 60 degrees, 5J^ for G5 degrees or 5 for 7
degrees.

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

For hot water use as divisors: 4, 3%, 3^, 3}4 and 3. This is for
zero weather. For climates where there are protracted periods of
temperature below zero add V/2 per cent to the radiating surface
for each degree below zero. The following tables while not strictly
in accordance with the above rules are considered sufficient for
average requirements.

FOB STEAM.

Number Square Feet Radiation Required at

Square Feet
Glaus

~. —

Exposure.

40 Deg.

45 Deg.

- 50 Deg.

60 Deg.

70 Deg.

100

200

300

400

500

100

1,000

112

125

143

167

200

2,000

223

250

286

333

400

3,000

334

375

429

500

600

4,000

445

500

571

667

800

5,000

556

625

714

833

1,000

10,000

1,112

1,250

1,429

1,667

2,000

20,000

2,223

2,500

2,857

' 3,333

1 4,000

30,000

3,334

3,750

4,286

5,000

6,000

40,000

4,445

5,000

5,714

6,667

8,000

50,000

5,556

6,250

7,143

i 8,333

10,000

FOR Vt

rATER.

Square Feet

dumber Squar

e Feet Radiation Required at

Glass

40 Deg.

45 Deg

50 Deg.

Exposure.

1 60 Deg.

70 Deg.

100

200

300

100

400

100

114

133

500

100

125

143

167

1,000

167

200

250

286

333

2,000

333

400

500

1 572

667

3,000

500

600

750

857

1,000

4,000

667

800

1,000

1,143

1,333

5,000

833

1,000

1,250

1,429

1,667

10,000

1,667

2,000

2,500

2,857

3,333

20,000

3,333

4,000

5,000

5,714

6,667

30,000

5,000

6,000

7,500

8,572

10,000

40,000

6,667

8,000

10,000

11.429

13,333

50,000

8.333

10,000

12,500

14,286

16.666

182

HEATING UBEEKHO0SES

Radiatkm called for by above table is for tight, well-built houses.
For poorly constructed houses add at least 10 per cent.

12. Q. What boiler capacity is required for this class of
heating, and how is the proper size determined?

A. Greenhouses offer very little resistance to the cold, and
therefore require strong boiler power in order to provide quickly
for additional warmth to meet the demands of a sudden drop in
temperature: therefore ample capacity should be figured. In
determining boiler capacity consider 100 square feet of greenhouse
coils as equivalent to 125 square feet of cast iron radiation.

Supply

Fig. 1 26.— Method of Piping a Greenhouse.

Reserve equal to 50 per cent, of the total actual requirements
should be provided.

13. Q. What method of piping is employed in installing a
heating apparatus for a greenhouse?

A. The lyitem commonly called the "overfed system" is moat
frequently used owing to the benefit derived from a more even
distribution of the heating surface,

14. Q. Describe the overfed system and method of piping.

A. It is usual fur the flow main (or mains— there may be more
than one) to enter the house at the end nearest the boiler and to
run overhead to the far end of the house, the pipe being hung on

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

the centre posts supporting the roof. At the far end this pipe is
divided, the branches dropping to supply coils usually run under
the beds. The flow pitches downward to the far end of the house
and the coils pitch downward toward the boiler end; thus there is
perfect drainage provided which insures a good circulation. At
the boiler end of the house the returns from coils are usually con-

Fig. 127.— Elevation of Greenhouse Piping System.

nected together into a single pipe which leads to the return of the
boiler. Fig. 126 illustrates this method.

15. Q. Is there a difference in the method of piping for hot
water or steam heating?

A- The general arrangement of the flow and also of the return

coils is similar for both systems. If hot water is used the air is

exhausted from the system from the high point of the piping through

the expansion tank connection at this point.

184

HEATING GREENHOUSES

1 6. Q. Where is the expansion tank located, and how should
it be connected?

A. In building a greenhouse it is usual to erect a potting shed
at one end. This portion of the building is usually excavated for
a cellar or pit to accommodate the boiler and in many instances
has a second floor for use as storage or for the use of the man who
attends the heating apparatus. The tank is located in this build-
ing well above the high point of the piping and it is connected to
the system in the same manner as for the regular overhead system
of hot water heating. Fig. 127 shows an elevation of a small house
and potting shed.

17. Q. How and where should valves be placed on a heating
system for a greenhouse?

A. It is customary to divide the piping into two or more coils
according to the size of the house, and each section or unit of
radiation should be so valved that a part of the heating surface
may be cut out in moderate weather when only a portion of it is
required to maintain the desired temperature.

18. Q. Is an accelerated or pressure system adapted to this
class of heating?

A. Pressure systems are very commonly employed, a safety
valve being used on the outlet of the expansion tank. Accelerated
systems may be readily adapted to this work and in the case of
exceptionally large plants centrifugal pumps can be employed to
advantage.

186

INFORMATION, RULES, AND TABLES.

The rules, tables and data given on the following pages have
been compiled with great care from competent authorities, and
the author believes the same to be thoroughly reliable.

For reference the information given will prove of value and
service when used in connection with practical experience.

AIR.

Air is an elastic gas composed of 1/5 oxygen and 4/5 nitrogen,
and a small amount of carbonic acid gas.

Air expands 1 / 179 of its bulk. Air may be compressed to liquid
form.

One pound of air contains 13,817 cubic feet.

The weight of one cubic foot of air at 32 deg. Fahr. is .080728
pound. At 86 deg. Fahr. a cubic foot of air weighs .07286 pound.

It requires .02056 heat unit to raise the temperature of one
cubic foot of air one degree, or 1.4392 heat units to raise the tem-
perature of a cubic foot of air from zero to 70 deg. Fahr.

Theoretically it requires 12 pounds of air to burn 1 pound of
coal. Practically 16 to 18 pounds of air may be used.

The pressure of the air (atmospheric pressure) is 14.7 pounds at
sea level. The earth is surrounded by a belt of atmosphere some-
thing more than forty miles in thickness. The weight of this air
presses down upon the earth, exerting an average pressure of 14.7
pounds per square inch.

Air contains more or less moisture (aqueous vapor), the amount
varying with the temperature. Air at a temperature of 32 deg.
Fahr. can sustain vapor equal to one one hundred and sixtieth
(1 /160) part of its own weight. At 86 degrees it can sustain one
one hundred and fortieth (1 /140) part of its own weight.

WATER.

Water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

Water weighs 62^ pounds per cubic foot, or 8J^ pounds per
gallon, and there are l x /i gallons in a cubic foot.

Water is at its greatest density and occupies the least space
at 39 deg. Fahr.

Water freezes at 32 deg. Fahr. and boils (at sea level) at 212

degrees. It expands 1/10 of its bulk in freezing and 1/23 of its

bulk in boiling.

186

INFORMATION, RULES AND TABLES

Water boils at a lower temperature as atmospheric pressure ts
removed; therefore the higher above sea level the lower the tem-
perature of the boiling point.

Water expands about 1700 times its volume in changing into
steam. One cubic inch of water produces one cubic foot of steam.

Water in circulation is the best known absorbent of heat (except-
ing mercury) and has greater specific heat than any other liquid.

Water in a radiator at a temperature of 180 degrees— tempera-
ture of room 70 degrees— emits or gives off to the air 150 B. T. U.
per square foot per hour.

The water contained in a cast iron radiator of the ordinary type
is approximately one pint for each square foot of radiator surface.

It requires 966 B. T. U. to evaporate 1 pound of water into steam
from and at 212 degrees; 34.5 pounds of water evaporated from
and at 212 degrees equals one horse-power.

A column of water 27.672 inches high gives a pressure of one
pound. A common estimate is one-half pound pressure for each
foot in height.

STEAM.

Steam is the vapor arising from water at or above its boiling
point, 212 degrees. Steam proper is perfectly transparent and
colorless, dry, and wholly invisible except when partly condensed.
It is moist only when condensed.

Saturated steam is steam which, in contact with the Buid from
which it is formed, carries with it a proportion of its moisture.

Superheated steam is steam heated to a temperature higher than
is due to its pressure after leaving the fluid from which it is formed.

The elastic force of steam is equal to the pressure under which
it is generated. For example, if generated to a pressure of 50
pounds and freed, its elastic force free will be 50 pounds.

Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has a
pressure equal to that of the atmosphere (14.7 pounds per square
inch) and at this pressure one pound of steam contains 27.222
cubic feet.

Steam in a radiator at a temperature of 3 to 5 pounds — tem-
perature of the room 70 degrees— -emits or gives off to the air of the
room 250 B. T. U. per square foot of radiating surface per hour.

FUEL.
Fuel is any substance that can be burned to produce heat. The
common varieties of fuel are wood, peat, lignite, coal, gas and oil-
Coal is the principal fuel in the United States and many ot

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

countries of the world. Coal is ordinarily classified as anthracite
and bituminous, or hard and soft coal.

Anthracite is the hardest of all varieties of coal, richest in carbon
and greatest in density. Anthracite is almost entirely a product
of the State of Pennsylvania.

'True anthracite, when pure, is slow to ignite, conducts heat
very badly, burns at a very high temperature, radiates an intense
warmth, and is difficult to quench. ,, — Barr.

Bituminous coal is a "soft" coal containing a large amount of
volatile (gaseous) matter which burns with a smoky flame. It is
found in various parts of the United States, the better grades
coming from Pennsylvania.

More than 2,000 years ago coal was mined and used in certain
parts of the Chinese empire and had been known for years prior
to that period.

Virginia coal (bituminous) was mined as early as 1750. Anthra-
cite coal was mined in the Wyoming Valley near Wilkes-Barre
in 1768. Coal was mined in the years 1770, 1776, and 1791 in other
sections of Pennsylvania.

The calorific values of fuel of various kinds average about as
follows :

Anthracite coal, 12,000 to 14,500 B.T.U. per pound.

Bituminous coal, 11,000 to 15,500 "

Petroleum (raw), 18,500 to 20,000 "

Wood, 2\i pounds of dry cord wood equals 1 pound of coal.

For low pressure heating purposes, from 5 to 7 pounds of coal
per hour are usually considered for each square foot of grate; for
high pressure, 12 to 15 pounds per hour for each square foot of
grate.

Three tons of anthracite coal per heating season for each 100
square feet of steam radiation and \ x /% tons for each 100 square
feet of hot water radiation for the heating season is considered a
fair average of fuel consumption.

Fifty pounds of anthracite or 40 pounds of soft coal will occupy
a space equal to one square foot of grate.

A ton of hard coal occupies space equal to 37 cubic feet; a ton of
soft coal occupies 40 cubic feet of space.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Horse-Power.

One horse-power is the power required to raise 33,000 pounds

one foot high in one minute; or

188

INFORMATION, RULES AND TABLES

The evaporation of 30 pounds of water per hour from a feed

water temperature of 100 deg. Fahr. into steam at 70 pounds gauge
pressure. This is equivalent to 34}^ pounds from and at 212
deg. Fahr.

Tank Capacity.

To find the number of gallons in a round tank multiply the
diameter in inches by itself and the result by 0.34.

To find the number of gallons in a rectangular tank determine
the cubical contents by multiplying together the length, breadth
and height. Multiply this result by 7.48 (the U. S. gallons in one
cubic foot).

Mensuration.

Diameter X 3.1416 = Circumference.
Diameter X 0.8862 = Side of an equal square.
Diameter squared X 0.7854 = Area of a circle.
Circumference + 3.1416 = Diameter.
Circumference + 6.28318 = Radius.
Circumference X J£ the diameter = Area of circle.
Square inches X 0.007 = Square feet.
Cubic inches X 0.00058 = Cubic feet.

Surface in Pipe Coils.

To ascertain the lineal feet of pipe to use when heating by pipe
coils, multiply the square feet of radiating surface required as
follows:

For 1 -inch pipe multiply radiating surface by 0.3
" V/i- " " " " " " 2.3

" 1J4- " " " " " " 2.0

Blowing Off Boiler.

To remove oil and greasy scum from a boiler it should be blown
off under pressure.

Close the valves on supply and returns, or, if none, close all
radiator valves. Build a wood fire and generate a pressure of ten
or twelve pounds, then open the blow-off valve and draw the fire,
open all doors and allow the boiler to thoroughly cool before closing
the blow-off cock. When cold refill and build the fire.

Boilers on new work should be blown off two or three times at
intervals of two to three weeks. Boilers on old work should be
blown off every fall before starting a coal fire.

189

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

To Clean a Water Gauge.

To clean the glass gauge on the water column without removing
the same, add a teaspoonful of muriatic or other raw acid to a cup
of hot water; close both water gauge valves. — Open the draw-off
or pet-cock at the bottom and the upper water gauge valve and blow
the water out of the glass, then immediately close the top valve
and submerge the end of the pet-cock in the acid solution. The
vacuum caused in the gauge glass sucks in the solution. By keepirg
the pet-cock in the solution and alternately opening and closing
the upper gauge valve, the solution may be drawn into and expelled
from the glass until it is clean. Finally, close the pet-cock and
open both gauge valves. There should be one or two pounds of
steam pressure on the boiler at the time of the operation.

The Care of a Heating Apparatus.

Proper care of a heating apparatus adds largely to its record
of efficiency.

All valves upon a steam job should be left open in the summer
when not in use.

Hot water apparatus when unused during the summer should
always remain filled with water. This prevents rusting. All doors
on the heater should be open and the smoke pipe should be taken
down and cleaned and the boiler thoroughly cleaned of ashes and
soot.

In the fall before starting a fire the hot water apparatus should
be emptied and then refilled with fresh water.

Heating Surface in Tubular Boilers.

To ascertain the heating surface in tubular boilers multiply two-
thirds the circumference of the boiler by the length of the same
in inches and add to it the outside surface of all the tubes.

Strength of Tubular Boilers.

One-sixth of the tensile strength of plate multiplied by the thick-
ness of the plate and divided by one-half the diameter of the boiler
gives a safe working pressure for boilers having single riveted
longitudinal seams. For boilers having double riveted seams
add 20 per cent.

Chimneys.

The chimney has rightly been called the pulse of the heating
system. When called to look at a "sick" job of heating the first

190

INFORMATION, RULES AND TABLES

move should be to test out the pulse of the system — the chimney —
for here lies 90 per cent, of all trouble.

A study of chimneys and their peculiarities is one of the first
requirements of the doctor of heating — otherwise the heating
engineer.

Bronzing and Painting.

The work of a heating contractor, in a large measure, is judged
by the neatness displayed in finishing a job.

Radiators and exposed piping look best when treated with plain
gold or aluminum bronze, the surfaces having first been primed
with a coat of flat color, white or light gray if aluminum is to be
used, or yellow ochre if gold is selected.

A pound of gold bronze and a quart of liquid will cover 100 feet
of direct radiation. Aluminum bronze having more bulk requires
about l /2 pound for 100 feet of radiation.

191

8TEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

TABLE I.

BOILING POINTS OF FLUIDS.

Ammonia 140 deg. Fahr. Phosphorus . . . .554 deg. Fahr.

Alcohol 173 " Sulphur 570

Benzine 176 " Sulphuric Acid .. . 590

Water 212 " Linseed Oil 597

Sea Water 213 " Mercury 676

(f
tt
u
it

TABLE II.

TEMPERATURE OF FIRE.

Approximate — Judged by its Appearance

Table of M. Pouillet.

Appearance of Fire. Temperature.

Red, Just Visible 977 deg. Fahr.

Red, Dull 1290

Red, Cherry Dull 1470

Red, Cherry Full 1650

Red, Cherry Clear 1830

Orange, Deep 2010

Orange, Clear 2190

White Heat 2370

White, Bright 2550

White, Dazzling 2730

TABLE III.

APPROXIMATE MELTING POINTS OF METAL.

Mercury — 39 deg. Fahr. Silver 1850 deg. Fahr.

Tin 442 " Brass 1900

Bismuth 510 " Gold 2100

Lead G18 u Copper 1975

Zinc 750 " Cast Iron 2100

Aluminum 1150 " Steel 2532

Bronze 1692 " Wrought Iron . 2850

Alloy, 3 Lead, 2 Tin, 1 Bismuth 199

Alloy, \}/ 2 Tin, 1 Lead 334

Alloy, 1 Tin, 1 Lead 466

a
a
a
a
ii
it
it
tt

192

INFORMATION, RULEtt AND TAULK8

TABLE IV.

AREAS OF CIRCLES.

sue

y± '

*a :

*a .

% >

0.0123
0.0491
0.1104
0.1963
0.3067
0.4417
0.6013

1 0.7854
y s 0.9940
M I 1-227

}4 1.767

y 8 i 2.073

J£ 2.405

V% \ 2.761

2 3.141
M 3.976
H 4.908
% 5.939

3 j 7.068
\i 8.295
Y 2 . 9.621
Ji ! 11.044

4 i 12.566
Y 2 15.904

5 ' 19.635
Yi 23.758

6 ; 28.274
H 33.183

7 i 38.484
Yt j 44.178

8 50.265
Y 2 ' 56.745

9 63.617
Y> 70 882

8Ue

10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

: 24

! J4

1 25
1 26

! 27
28
29

78
86
95
103
113
122
132
143
153
165
176
188
201
213
226
240
254
268
283
298
314
330
346
363
380
397
415
433
452
471
490
530
572
615
CM)

SUe

.54

.59

.03

.86

.09

.71

.73

.13

.93

.13

.71

.69

.06

.82

.98

.52 I

.46 {

.80 ;

.52 !

.64 |

.16 I

.06 !

.36

.05

.13

.60

.47

.73

.39

43
.87
.93
.55
.75

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

56 i

57 :

58 .
59
00
01 '
02
03
04

706.86
754.76
804.24
855.30
907.92
962.11
1017.8
1075.2
1134.1
1194.5
1256.6
1320.2
1385.4
1452.2
1520.5
1590.4
1661.9
1734.9
1809.5
1885.7
1963.5
2042.8
2123.7
2206.1
2290.2
2375.8
2463 .
2551.7
2642 .
2733 . 9
2827 . 4
2922 . 4
3019
3117 2
3210 •)

SIM

65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
.73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
05
90
97
98
99

3318.3
3421.2
3525.6
3631.6
3739.2
3848.4
3959.2
4071.5
4185/3
4300.8
4417.8
4536.4
4656.0
4778.3
4901.6
5026.5
5153.0
5281.0
5410.6
5541.7
5674.5
5808.8
5944.6
6082.1
6221.1
0361 . 7
0503.8
6647.6
6792.9
0939.7
7088.2
7238 . 2
7389 8
7542 9
7097 7

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

TABLE V.

CHIMNEY FLUBS.

Steam

Water

Heicht of Chimney in Feet.

•Square Feet

•Square Feet
Rated Boiler

Rated Boiler

Capacity

100

250

375

7.0

• • • •

•>••>•

500

750

9.2

8.8

8.2

8.0

• • • •

750

1,125

10.8

10.2

9.6

9.3

8.8

8.5

1,000

1,500

12.0

11.4

10.8

10 5

10.0

9.5

1,500

2,250

14.4

13.4

12.8

12.4

11.5

112

2,000

3,000

16.3

15.2

14.5

14.0

13.2

12.6

3,000

4,500

18.5

18.2

17.2

16.6

15.8

15.0

4,000

6,000

22.2

20.8

19.6

19.0

17.8

17.0

5,000

7,500

24.6

23.0

21.6

21.0

19.4

18.6

6,000

9,000

26.8

25.0

23.4

22.8

21.2

20.2

7,000

10,500

28.8

27.0

25.5

24.4

23.0

21.6

8,000

12,000

30.0

28.6

26.8

26.0

24.2

23.4

9,000

13,500

32.4

30.4

28.4

27.4

25.6

24.4

10,000

15,000

34.0

32.0

30.0

28.6

27.0

25.4

•Indirect radiation should be made equivalent to direct radiation by
adding 53 per cent.

TABLE VI.

PRESSURE IN INCHES OF WATER BT 8IPH0N DRAFT GAUGE.

Height
Water
Inches

.1
.15

.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
.55
.6
.65
.7
.75
.8
.85
9

.95
1.0

Pressure

per

Pound

.521
.781
1.042
1.302
1.563
1.823
2.084
2.344
2.605
2.865
3.126
3.386
3.647

4^168
3.907
4.689
4.949
5 210

Telocity
Feet per
Second

15.05

18.17

21.3

23.05

26.06

28.08

30.1

31.76

33.6

35.2

36.8

38.3

39.8

41.2

42.5

43.8

45.1

46.3

47.5

Telocity
Feet per
Minute

903
1090
1278
1090
1564
1685
1806
1911
2016
2112
2208
2298
2388
2469
2550
2628
2706
2778
2850

Height
Water
Inches

l.i

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

2.0

Pound

5.731'
5.991
6.252
6.512
6.773
7.033
7.294
7.554
7.815
8.075
8.336
8.596
8.857
9.117
9.378
9.638
9.899
10.159
10 . 420

Telocity
Feet per
Second

49.9
57.0
52.1
53.2
54.2
55.3
56.3
57.4
58.2
59.3
60.2
61.3
62.0
63.1
63.8
64.9
65.6
66.7
67.3

Telocity
Feet per
Minute

2994
3060
3126
3189
3252
3315
3378
3415
3492
3523
3612
3666
3720
3774
3828
3882
3936
3987
4038

194

INFORMATION, RULES AND TABI.UH

TABLE VII.

AMOUNT OF VACUUM SECURED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.

Vacuum Gauge

Temperature of

Vacuum neugn

Temperature of

!n. !)•> of Vacuum

Steam or Boiling

Inches of Vacuum

Steam or Boiling

Point of Water

Point of Water.

Atmosphere

212 Deg. Fah.

16 Inches

175 Deg. Fah.

210 " "

17 "

172 "

208 " "

18 "

169 "

207 " "

19 "

165 "

205 " »

20 "

161 "

203 " "

21 "

157 "

201 " "

22 "

152 "

199 " "

23 "

146 "

198 " "

24 "

140 "

194 " "

25 "

133 "

191 " "

26 "

125 "

188 ' " "

27 "

114 "

186 " "

28 "

102 "

184 " "

29 "

100 "

181 " "

29.7 "

98 " •

178 " "

TABLE VIII.

VELOCITY OF FLOW OF WATER

In Fee

t per Minute, Through Pipes of Various Sizes, for Varying

Quantities ol Flow.

Minute

men

met

ion

Inch

if,

loch

218

122)4

78)4

54H

30)4

19M

13)4

436

245

157

109

15)4

653

367 H

235 J4

163'-,

91H

58)4

40)4

872

490

314

218

122

30 %

1090

612' 2

3921.,

272 '-2

152)4

97M

67)4

38H

735

451

327

183

117

857)4

»4a',

381' i

213' 2

136'2

94)4

•'3',

980

628

436

244

156

108

6l<4

1102H

706J-2

490' ,

271'.,

175)4

121)4

785

545 305

195

135

76%

1177)4

817H 1 457^4

292' z

202',

115

100

1090 | 610

380

270

!53Ji

125

1 762)4

487H

337',

191%

150

915

585

405

230

175

)1067H

082'..,

4721,-2

268M

200

1220

780

540

las

8TEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

TABLE IX.

B. T. V. REQUIRED FOR HEATING AIR.

This table specifies the quantity of heat in British thermal units
required to raise one cubic foot of air through any given tempera-
ture interval.

Temperature of Air In Room

Exter-
nal
Temp . , 40°

80*

-40°
-30°
-20°

-10°
0°
10°
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
70°

1 . 802;2 .
1.540)1.

1.2901.
1.0511.
10.8221.
|0.604i0.
10 . 393,0 .
0.1920.
0.000,0.
. OOOiO .
0.0000.

o.ooo;o.

80'

70'

027 2 . 252)2 .
7601.9802.
5051.7201.
2621.4731.
0281.2341.

805
590
385
188
000
000
000

1.007
0.787
0.578

80'

0.
0.

0.37610

0.184
0.000
0.000

479
200
935
684
439
208
984
770
564
367
.179

90<

2.703
2.420
2.150
1.892
1.645
1.409
1.181
0.963
0.752
0.551
0.359

0.0000.175

2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.

9283.154

100"

no* l i2o»

130*

6402.860
3652.580
1022.311
8512.056
6111.812
378 1 . 575
1551.345
940 1 . 128
73510.918
5380.718
350 . 525

3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

379'3 .
.0803.
795|3.
. 522J2 .
.26212.
.013i2.
.7711.
.5401.
.316'l.
.1021.
.8971.
.7000.

6043.829
300!3.520
0103.225
732J2.943
467 '2.673
21512.416
968|2 . 165
733J1.925
504,1.692
2861.470
077il.256
87511.049

TABLE X.

VENTILATION.

Table Showing the Quantity of Air, in Cubic Feet, Discharged
per Minute Through a Flue of Which the Cross-
Sectional Area is One Square Foot.

(External Temperature of the Air. 32 s Fahr.: Allowance for Friction, 50 Per Cent. )

Height
of Flue
in Keet

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150

Excess of Temperature of Air in Flue above that of External Air

10°

15° |

20°

25°

30*

60°

100'

! 150°

42 !

108

133

94 1

109

121

134

167

242

298

108

133 '

153

171

188

242

342

419

133

162 ;

188

210

230

297

419

514

153

188 ;

217

242

265

342

484

593

171

210 :

242

271

297

383

541

663

188

230 1

265

297

325

419

593

726

203

248 :

286

320

351

453

640

784

217

265

306

342

375

484

684

838

230

282 ;

325

363

398

514

724

889

242

297 i

342

383

419

541

765

937

264

325 i

373

420

461

594

835

1006

286

351 i

405

465

497

643

900

1115

306

375 !

453

485

530

688

965

1185

324

398 |

460

516

564

727

1027

1225

342

420 >

485

534

594

768

1080

1325

383

468 !

542

604

662

855

1210

1480

420

515 i

596

665

730

942

1330

1630

Above
■an teed.

table for Gravity Ventilation taken from standard authorities but

190

INFORMATION,

ROLES AMI TABLES

TABLE XI.

HEAT UNITS IN WATER

Between 32 and 212 Degrees

Fahrenheit, and Weight of Water

per Cubic Foot.

| Weight

Weight

Wright

1 In

^y™

Heat Foiiotls
L'nli* per
1 Cubic

K$£

Uulta

r*ound»
Cubic

H«t

I' nits

Pounds
Cubic

Foot

62 12

123

91 .16

1,1 OS

168

136 44

BO 81

62 . 42

124

92 17

61.67

169

137.45

60 79

62 42

125

93.17

61.65

170

138 45

60 77

13.

62.42

126

94.17

61.63

171

139 46

60 75

18.

62.41

127

95 18

61.61

172

140 47

60.73

20.

62.40

128

96 18

61.60

173

141 Is

60.70

22 01

62.40

129

97.19

61.58

174

112 49

60 68

24 01

>]-2 39

130

98.10

61.56

175

K.J..JO

60 66

36 HI

62.38

131

39.20

61.54

176

144 51

60 64

28.01

62 37

132

100.2O

61.52

177

145 52

60 62

30.01

62.30

133

101.21

61 51

178

146 52

60 90

32 01

62.35

134

102.21

61.49

179

147.53

60.57

34 02

62.34

135

1 113 22

61 47

180

148.54

BO 55

36.02

62.33

136

1114.2'J

61.45

181

149.55

BO r,:i

38.02

62.31

137

105.23

61.43

182

150.56

00 50

40.02

62.30

138

106.23

61.41

183

151.67

60.48

42 03

62 2H

139

11)7 24

61.39

1S4

l S3 . S3

80.46

44.03

62.27

140

108 2,'

.61 37

1S5

153.59

80. 44

46.08

62 25

141

109.2;'

61 36

186

164 80

60 41

43.04

62 23

142

110.26

61.34

187

155.61

30 SB

50 04

62 21

143

1112*

61.32

188

156 62

60.37

52.04

62.19

144

112.27

61.30

189

157 63

60 34

54.05

62.17

145

113 2.s

81.38

190

15s 64

60.32

56.05

62.15

146

114.2S

61 26

191

151.1 .,,-,

60 29

58.06

62.13

147

115.20

61.24

192

160.67

60.27

SO 06

62.11

148

116.29

61 22

193

161.68

60.25

B2 mi

62.09

149

117.34

61 30

194

162.60

60.33

64.07

63 n7

150

lis 31

61.18

195

163 70

00 2n

'.IS

66.07

62 05

151

119.31

61.16

196

164 71

80.17

68 08

68 QS

152

130.32

61 14

197

165.72

60.18

102

70.051

62 00

153

121.33

61 12

198

l(Hi 73

60.12

104

72 09

ill '.17

154

132.3;

i.l III

199

107.74

60 10

106

71 in

61 06

155

123 34

61 OS

200

10s. 75

60.07

109

78 10

61 92

150

124.3."

i.l 06

201

109 77

80 05

7s 11

61.80

157

125 35

i.l 04

202

170 78

60.(2

113

80.12

61.86

158

[26 34

i.i

'71 79

00.00

114

83 13

61. S3

1.7.1

127 ■■-

59.97

115

S3. 13

61 82

160

128

59 95

116

S4.13

61.81)

161

13-

59 92

117

85 M

61.78

162

19.89

118

80.14

61.77

163

119

87.15

61.75

164

120

ss 15

61.74

165

121

61.72

122

90 16 61.70 167

«1_

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

TABLE XII.

PBOPEBTIES OF SATURATED STEAM.

Absolute
Preature,
Lbs. per
8q. Inch

Tempera-
ture.
Fahrenheit

Total Heat above 33* F.

Latent

Heat.

Heat-Unlta

Volume

Vacuum.
Inches of
Mercury

In the

Water

Heat-Unite

Id the

Steam

Heat-UnlW

Cu. Ft.
in 1 Lb.
Of Steam

27.88

101.83

69.8

1104 4

1034.6

333.0

25.85

126.15

94.0

1115.0

1021.0

173.5

23.81

141.52

109.4

1121.6

1012.3

118.5

21.78

153.01

120.9

1126.5

1005.7

90.5

19.74

162.28

130.1

1130.5

1000.3

73.33

17.70

170.06

137.9

1133.7

995.8

61.89

15.67

176.85

144.7

1136.5

991.8

53.56

13.63

182.86

150.8

1139.0

988.2

47.27

11.60

188.27

156.2

1141.1

985

42.36

9.56

193.22

161.1

1143.1

982.0

38.38

7.52

197.75

165.7

1144.9

979.2

35.10

5.49

201.96

169.9

1146.5

976.6

32.36

3.45

205.87

173.8

1148.0

974.2

30.03

1.42

209.55

177.5

1149.4

971.9

28.02

Pounds .

Steam

Gauge.

14.70

212

180.0

1150.4

970.4

26.79

0.3

213.0

181.0

1150.7

969.7

26.27

1.3

216.3

184.4

1152.0

967.6

24.79

2.3

219.4

187.5

1153.1

965.6

23.38

3.3

222.4

190.5

1154.2

963.7

22.16

4.3

225.2

193.4

1155.2

961.8

21.07

5.3

228.0

196.1

1156.2

960.0

20.08

6.3

230 . 6

198.8

1157.1

958.3

19.18

7.3

233.1

201.3

1158.0

956.7

18.37

8.3

235.5

203.8

1158.8

955.1

17.62

9.3

237.8

206.1

1159.6

953.5

16.93

10.3

240.1

208.4

1160.4

952.0

16.30

11.3

242.2

210.6

1161.2

950.6

15.72

12.3

244.4

212.7

1161.9

949.2

15.18

13.3

246.4

214.8

1162.6

947.8

14.67

14.3

248.4

216.8

1163.2

946.4

14.19

15.3

250.3

218.8

1163.9

945.1

13.74

16.3

252.2

220.7

1164.5

943.8

13.32

17.3

254.1

222.6

1165.1

942.5

12.93

18.3

255.8

224.4

1165.7

941.3

12.57

19.3

257.6

226.2

1166.3

940.1

12.22

20.3

259 . 3

227.9 !

1166.8

938.9

11.89

198

c
7.

P
Z

INI

s
a

1MATION, RULES AND TABLES

I- t- O O -n -J -r M C3 CI — — C J /- ■ - :-: — r
— -VMHHMMriM1'*'»VoVt-'Boic

954
1,192
1,430
1,668
1,904
2,144
2,382
2,620
2,858
3,096
3,334
3,572
3,810
4,048
4,762
5,714
6,666
7,618

750
937
1,124
1,311
1,498
1,685
1,872
2,059
2,240
2,433
2,620
2,807
2,994
3,181
3,742
4,490
5,238
5,986
6.734
7,482

662
827
992
1,157
1,322
1,487
1,652
1,817
1,982
2,147
2,312
2,477
2,642
2.807
3,302
3,962
4,622
5,282
5,942
6,602

577
721
865
1,009
1,153
1,297
1,441
1,585
1,729
1,873
2,017
2,161
2,305
2,449
2,881
3,457
4,033
4,609
5,185
5,761

497

621

745

869

993

1,117

1,241

1,356

1,489

1,613

1,737

1,801

1,985

2,109

2,481

2,977

3,473

3,969

4,405

4.961

424

530

036

742

848

954

1.060

1,166

1,272

1,378

1,484

1,590

1,696

1,802

2,120

2,544

2,968

3,392

3,816

4,240

356

445

534

623

712

801

890

979

1,068

1,157

1,246

1,335

1,424

1,513

1,780

2,136

2.492

2,848

3. 201

294

367

440

513

586

659

732

805

878

951

1,024

1,097

1,170

1,243

1,462

1,754

2,046

2,338

2.030

238

298

357

416

475

534

593

652

711

770

829

888

917

I.OOO

1.1 S3

1,419

- ~i --i

j. — -:

■4

ins

2S2

171
125
171
517
501
011
1.5s
705
752
701
ill
12S

lie

50!

--""

144
180
216
252
288
324
360
396
432
468
504
540
576
612
720
864
1,008
1,152

105
i:il
157
183
209
235
261
287
313
339
365
391
117
143
521
625

109

127
145
163
181

201
217
235
253
271
289
307
361
433

tt l- ft oc C-l - — r: — ■-. - 1- ~, O ?:' *

"***?'

8TEAM, UOT WATEU, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

o
o

w i

w
3

COiOO0MON0^OO^eOHOOOOOOOOCO

•HtHW^NO

r~ «o^ te^ o^ o~ «e~

»1

■5

55*

'3~

ICOOCDCOCONXCJC

COOOOiC'tpOHHWQO
^OOiOCOOCOOOCOOO

lacOCaGOO^OOCOC
OOl^OiOiO^T^COCOCC

Ol^iO^COC^CSICM^^^

OOC5OC0OO^O00000SWOC5O^NWN?:C
O^^CC«OXiOOWh-W00l>»05CS00NONXCC

I "O
3

O CO CO CO CO et iC iC

»C O O O O t^ h N

^»-*^^CNICNlC0'"1<'^*0tf3Ot>-00CiO~C s *

r^ociC^c^i^ao^Ht^t^t^icco^Hiot^csiao^c^

C^CO'TOXOCOOO'^OiCOiCOOOOCiO

^h^^hC^CS|COCO^'^»O^I>-^XO^- , N

= ■0 ©

§11

*""5

\^l \P* \c*

^CMCMCOCO^^*iC^r*Q0050

** c^

200

INFORMATION, RULES AND TAULE8

TABLE XV.

HEATING SURFACE IN WROUGHT

PIPE.

Lgnctb of

sue of Pipe

.275

.346

434

.494

.622

.753

.916

1 175

1 455

1.739

,5j .7

1.0

1.2

1.5

2 4

2 9

3-5

.8; 1.0

1.3

1.5

1.9

2.3

2.7

3.5

4 4

5.2

1.1

1.7

2.0

2.5

3.0

3 6

4,7

5.8

7.0

1.7

2.2

2.4

3 1

3.8

4 6

5.8

7 3

7 7

1.6

2.1

2.6

2.9

3.7

4.5

5.5

8 7

10 5

1.9

2.4

3.0

3.4

4.4

5.3

6.4

8.2

10.2

12 1

2 2

2.8

3 5

3.9

5.0

7 3

9.4

11 6

13 9

2.5

3.1

3 9

4.4

5.6

6 8

8.2

10.6

13.1

15 7 ■

2.7

3.5

4.3

4.9

6.2

7 5

9.1

11.8

14 6

17 4

3.0

3.8

4.8

5.4

6.8

8.8

10.0

12 9

111 1

3.3

4.1

5.2

5.9

7.5

ii ii

11.0

14 1

17 4

20 9

3.6

4.5

5.6

il 4

8.1

9.8

11.9

15 3

18.9

22 6

3 8

4.8

6.1

6.9

8 7

10.5

12.8

16 5

20 3

23.4

4.1

5.2

6,5

7.4

9.3

11.3

13.7

17 6

21.8

26.1

4.4

5.5

6.9

7.9

1(1 1

12 II

14 6

18 8

23.2

27 8

4.7

5.9

7.4

8.4

10.6

12 8115.5

24.7

29.5

18 »

5 (

6.2

7.8

8.9

11.213. 5116 5

21 2

26.2

31.3

5.2

6.6

8.3

9.4

11.8

14.3

17.4

22.3

27.6

33 1

5.5

6.9

8.7

9.9

12.!

ISO

18.3

23 5

29.1

34.8

6 9

8.6

10.9

12.3

15 I

is. a

22 9

29.3

36 3

43.5

8.3

111 1

13.0

14.8

IS 7

22.5

27.5

35.3

43.6

52 1

9.6

12.1

15.2

17.3

21 8

211.3

32.0

41.1

50.9

60.8

40
45

111
12 1

13.8
15.6

17 4
19.5

19.8

22.2

24 11

28 1

30.1

39.6
41.2

47.0
52 9

58.2
65.5

89 S

78.2

33 8

13.8

17.3

21 7

24 7

31.1

87. fl

45.8

58.7

72 7

87.0

15 2

ie i

23.9

27.1

34 3

41.3

50 4

64.6

80.1

95.6

16.6

20.8

2D 1

29.1

37.3

45 255.0

70.5

87.3

104.3

22 I

28 2

32.1

4(1 5

48.8 59.5

76.4

94.5

112 9

70
75

19.4

2(1 7

24 2
211 1

30.4

32 . (

34 1
37 1

43 S
46.6

52 7 1,4 1
56.568 7

82.3
88.1

121 7

22 1

27 7

34 .7

39.6

49.8

60.2

73 3

94 '

23 .4

211 4

36.9

42.0

53 4

63.9

77.8

24.8

31.1

39 1

44 .5

56.0

67.8

82.4

26.2

12 11

41 2

4(1 11

59.6

71 5

100

27.534 6

43.4

411 1

12 2

75 3

201

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATISG

TABLE XVI.

HTTBBNAl. AHKA8 OF DIFFF.BBNT SIEE3 AKD WEIGHTS OF FIFB.

Internal Anna at CurmptKUlinc

A Circle

Standard
Weight

Bam

Wrn,« ■

Doable

Wrooekt
Fbja

1.76

2.04

1.75

3.14

3 36

2.93

1.74

4 91

4.78

4.20

2.41

7.06

7.39

6.56

4.09

9.62

9.89

8.85

5.79

12 56

12.73

11.44

7.72

15.90

15 96

14 38

9.96

19.63

19 99

18.19

12.96

28.27

28 89

25.97

18 66

38.48

38.74

34.47

27.10

50.26

50.04

45 66

37.12

63.61

62.73 . 58.42

78.54

78.84 I 74.66

TABLE XVII.

CAPACITIES AND THREADS OF STANDARD WROUGHT-IBOl* PIPE.

?E|
|5~

H f

is*

it-

IS!
t- 3

3,1

"11
Hi

Ili

336.6

.024

1.2

6.908

148.8

.044

.96

8.668

100.8

.082

.66

12.521

63.2

.132

.49

16.79

36.1

.23

.38

21.688

22.3

.373

27.58

12.8

.648

.24

34.171

i'/i

9.4

.883

41 . 189

5.7

1.454

.17

49.017

4.02

2.072

.139

59.762

2.6

3.202

.12

89.125

iy,

1.95

4,285

.102

31.07

l HI

1.51

5.517

.091

91 559

INFORMATION, KL'LES AM) TABLES

TABLE

XVIII

GALVANIZED SHEET IRON — SIZES AND WEIGHTS.

G*oge

S,| t'l

Weltht

,f Sllff't

nt' ■•■i-

o.u*.

Size

OUQCM

Weight

or Sheet
n Pounds

14
14
14
14

24x84
26x84
28x84
30x84
24x84

r,2> 2
52'-$
52 U
52 ' ,
42 Vi

49 W
63 M
57 Vi
37

23
23
23
23

36x84
40x84
24x96
26x96

28x96

20 H
20 J*
20',
21)',

20 VS

27
20
20 Vi

16
16
16
16
16

26x84
28x84
30x84
24x96
26x96

42 VS

42 VS
42 VS
42i- 2
42 VS

40 Vi

43 H
46 'i
42 VS
46

23
23
23

30x96
32x96
36x96
40x96
44x96

20 VS
20 Vi
20.4
204
20 Vi

25 Vi
27 Vi
31

34 Vi
37 %

16
16

IS
18
IS

28x96
30x96
24x84
26x84
28x84

42 VS

42 H
34U

34 VS

49K
53

30 Vi
32
35 Vi

24
24
24
24
24

24x84
26x84
28x84
30x84
32x84

18 X

18 H
18 VS

18^

isvs

16Vi
17
19

20 Vi
22

IS
18
18
18
18

30x84
36x84
24x96
26x96
28x96

34 VS

34 Vi
34'.,
34 Vj
34 VS

37 K

45 Vi
34 »i
36 H
40 Vi

24
24
24

24
24

36x84
40x84
24x96
26x96
28x96

18 VS

IS',

18 VS

IS'.,
IK',,

24
27
18Vi
20
21 H

18
18
19

30x96
36x96
28x84
24x84
26x84

34 Vi

34',
30 ',
26 ' ,
26 VS

42 Vi
51 «
31
23
25

24
24
24
24
24

30x96
32x96
36x96
40x96
44x96

18Vi
18 Vi
18'i
18 Vi
18 Vi

27 H

20
2D
20
20
20

28x84
30x84
36x84
24x96

26x96

26 VS

26',

20? ;

26' s
26 VS

27
20

34 H

•mi

26
26
26
26
26

24x84
26x84
28x84
30x84
32x84

14 Vi
14 Vj

14 Vi

14',
14',

12M
13 H
14Ji
16
17

20
20
20
22
22

28x96
30x96
36x96
24x84

26 x S4

26 VS

26',
26 Vi

■22';

22 VS

31
33
42
19 H
21 Vi

26
26
26
26

36x84
24x96
26x96
28x96
30x96

14^

14 Vi
14 Vi
14',

14 Vi
15K
17
18 Vi

22
22
22
22
22

28x84
30x84

86 x 84
40 x S4
24x96

22 H

22 1 i
22',
22' j,
22 VS

24V$
29 Vi
33
22

26
26
28
28
28

32x96
36x96
24x84
26x84
28x84

14 Vi

14 ' ,
12 'i
12 'i
12 VS

19W
21 H
11
UK

12H

22
22
22
22
22

26x96
28x96
30x96
36x96
40x96

22 VS

22'-,
22',
22 V,
22 VS

24 Vi

28
28
28
28

30x84
32x84
36x84
24x96
26 x 96

12 Vi

12'..
12 i ,
12 Vj

12 Vi

13M
14 Vi

23
23

24x84
26x84
28x84
30x84
32x84

20 VS

20!. a

20 .! ,.
20H

tax

22 VS
24

28
28

28x96
30x96
32x96

12 Vi

12',

14 W

203

KTEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOB HEATING

TABLE XIX.

GALVANIZED SHEET IRON PIPE.

Table of weights of Galvanized Iron Pipe, in pounds per lineal foot.

Diameter

rrf PtnA

Number of Gauge.

m riuo

In Inches.

28 26

i 16

1.4 1.75

2.0

2.25

3.0

! 3.75

; 4.75

7 : 1.7

2.0

2.25

2.75

3.5

4.5

5.5

8 j 1.9

2.25

2.75

3.0

4.0

5.25

i 6.75

2.2

2.4

3.0

3.25

* 4.5

5.75

1 7.0

2.4

2.5

3.25

3.5

4.75

6.25

,' 7.75

2.75

3.5

3.75

5.25

6.75

8.25

3.0

3.75

4.25

5.75

7.5

9.0

13 ''

3.25

4.0

4.5

6.25

8.0

; 10.0

14 1

3.5

4.25 ,

4.75

6.75

8.5

11.0

15 s 3.75

4.75 |

5.25

7.25

9.25

; 12.0

16 , i 4.0 '

5.0 1

5.5

7.75

9.75

13.0

17 | | 4.25

5.25 !

6.0

8.0

10.25

13.75

4.5

5.5 ;

6.25

8.5

10.75

14.25

4.75

5.75

6.75

9.0

11.5

15.0

20 ;

5.25

6.0

7.0

9.5

12.0

15.5

21 ' 5.5

6.5 ;

7.5

9.75

12.5

16.0

22 :

5.75

6.75

7.75

10.25

13.25

16.75

23 !

6.0

7.0 ,

8.25

11.0

14.0

17.5

24 i

6.5

7.5 i

8.75

11.5

14.75

18.5

26 1

7.75

9.25

12.5

15.75

20.0

28 '

8.5 !

9.75

13.5

16.75

21.5

30 i i

9.0 !

10.5

14.0

18.0

23.0

tt*

INFORMATION, RULES AND TABLES

TABLE XX.

DIMENSIONS OF KEGIBTEBS (T. A B.

Nominal

Effective

Kxtreme

Size or

Tin Box Slve

cllrni-nslona of

las

°SS'

Inches

"«»£*

6 x 10

6|% x 10,",

711 x liu

8 X 10

8% X 10%

Wi x HJi

8 x 12

8% x 12%

W, x n%

8 x 15

120

8% X 15%

9% X 16U
10% X 13^

9x12

108

m x i2ii

9 x 14

126

m x i4)i

10% x 15%

10 X 12

120

101 „ x 1211

111* x 1348

10 x 14

140

10U x 14»

llli x 15JJ
Hli X 17%

10 x 16

160

107

101 i X 16H

1254 x 1554

12 x 15

180

120

14,\, x 17

12 x 19

228

152

12% x 19"4

14,', x 21

14 X 22

308

205

14% x 22%

Mitt x 24)4

15 X 25

375

250

15% x 25%

1VA X 27K

16 X 20

320

213

16% X 20%

18,', x 22,>,

16 x 24

384

256

16% x 24%

ISA x 26,-V

20 x 20

400

267

20| i x 201 1

22% x 22%

20 x 24

480

320

2018 x 24(j

22% X 26%

20 X 26

520

347

20(8 x 261.

22% X 28%

21 x 29

609

403

211J x 29| j

23% X 31%

27 x 27

729

486

^718 x 27] (

29% x 29%

27 x 38

1026

684

p\t x 38) (
3018 x 30| «

29% x 40%

30 x 30

900

600

32% x 32%

Dimension

of different

makes of reg

later* vary sligbtly T

c above eve tof Tuttlo

* Bliley Mffc

?0.'v manof

STEAM, HOT WATER, VACUUM AND VAPOR HEATING

TABLE XXI.

■

SQUARE FEET OF EXPOSED GLA88 SURFACE IN WINDOWS OF

VARIOUS SIZES.

Width of

HEIGHT OF WINDOW IN FEET

Window

Feet.

2
3

ioh

14 15

12H

16H

17^19

10H

13M

16^

19^

22J4

10H

12M

17H

19M

24H

26W

ny 2

13H

20H

22y 2

29H

31H

12^

17H

22^

27H

3214

37H

16^

19M

27H

30H

38H

41H

16H

19H

29^

32^

45M

17H

24^

2831K

38H

45^

52^

22H

26M

37H

41H

52^

56^

28 32

60 1

206

Page
derated Heating, By Centrif-

.1 Pumps. 108

elerated Healing, Sizes of

r Tappings 104

rated Hot Water Heating 96
derated Hoi Water Heating,

kfethods Employed 96

rated Systems, Details of

fcnstruetion 104, 105, 106

o Syst*m. The 177

■, Characteristics of 186

r. Composition of 186

Air Ducts and Registers, Table

of Sizes 38

Air Ducts for Indirect Heating. 38

Air, Moisture In 186

Air, Movement of Table 196

Air, Quantity Discharged per

Minute, Table 196

Air, Supply for Indirect Radia-
tor 37. 38

Air Valves 120

Air Valves, Automatic. 128. 120, 130

Air Valves, Compression 131

Air Valves. Purpose of 127

Altitude Gauge, Description of,

88, 89
Altitude Gauge. Location on an

Accelerated System 100

Anglo Valve 121, 123

Areas of Circles. Table 193

Atmospheric and ModulatedSys-

tems 177

Atmospheric Pressure 134

Atmospheric System 177

Atmospheric System, Sues of

Main and Return 178

Automatic Air Valves, Types

of 128, 129

Automatic Relief Valve, Gorton

System 156

Auxiliary Heaters 116

Page

Baffler, Kriebel System 173

Beilknap Generator 102

Bis hop-Babcock -Becker System

of Vacuum Heating 156, 187

Bleeder, From Main 53

Blowing Off Boiler. . [88

Boiler Construction 23

Boiler, Method of Blow.ng Off. 189
Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Con-
nections for Hot Water Heat-
ing 88

Boiler, Radiator and Pipe Con-
nections for Steam Heating. . 52
Bolters, Cast Iron, How Rated. 24

Boiler Setting 30

Boilers for Heating 23

Boilers, Grate Surface ... 23

Boilers, Heating Surface SI

Bojlers, Horse Power of . 2i

Boilers, Pressure Commonly Al-
lowed 25

Boilers, Types of 23

Boiler Trimmings and Setting. 25

Boiling Points of Liquids, Table. 192

Box Coil 31

Branch or Riser Connection . , 52

British Thermal Unit 12

Bronzing and Painting 191

Broomell System of Vapor Heal-
ing 100, 161

B. T. U. Required for Heating

Air, Table 196

Capacities of Standard Wrought

Iron Pipes, Table , 200

Care of a Healing Apparatus 190

Centrifugal Pumps for Accel-
erated Heating. .........

Check Valve

Chimney, Area Requi

INDEX

Page

Chimney Flue, Factors of 17

Chimney Flues, Dimensions of. 18

Chimney Flues, Table 194

Chimney, Method of Increasing

Draft 17

Chimneys and Fuels 15

Chimneys, Characteristics of . . . 190

Chimneys, Design of 15

Circuit System, Details of Con-
struction 81, 82, 83

Circuit System of Hot Water

Heating 81

Circuit System of Steam Heat-
ing 46, 47

Circuit System, Size of Mains. . 83
Circuit System, Special Fittings

Employed 81, 82, 83

Circulation Through Radiator,

Kriebel System 174

Coal, Characteristics of 188

Coal, Composition of 21

Coal, Size of 19

Coil, A Box 31

Coil, A Corner 32

Coil, A Mitre 32, 33

Coil, Return-bend 32, 34

Combustion 18

Combustion of Fuel, How Cal-
culated 19

Comparative Cost of Heating. . 13

Composition of Coal 21

Construction of Boilers 23

Controller, Kriebel System. . . . 174

Cooling Surfaces Defined 38

Corner Coil 32

Cost of Heating Systems 13

Damper Regulator 27

Damper Regulator, Old Style. . 28
Dimensions of Registers, Table . 205
Dimensions Standard Wrought

Iron Pipe, Table 200

Direct-Indirect Heating, Radia-
tion Required 40

Direct-Indirect Radiator, Loca-
tion of 35, 36

Direct Radiator 33

Direct Radiator, Location of.. 34
Divided-circuit System of Steam

Heating 46, 48

Domestic Hot Water Heating. . 116
Domestic Hot Water Supply,

Horizontal Boiler 118

Domestic Hot Water Supply,

Steam Coil in Boiler 119

Domestic Hot Water Supply,

Vertical Boiler 117

Double Swing Joint 59

Draft Doors, Method of Con-
necting Chains 28, 29

Draw-off Cock 28

Dripping a Riser, Method of . . . 58
Drip Pipes from Steam Mains,

Table of Sizes 54

Drips for Risers 54

Drop-Riser, Definition of 52

Dunham Air Trap 157

Dunham System, Connections

to Boiler and Tank 15$

Dunham System of Vacuum

Heating 155, 156

Eccentric Fittings 55

Eccentric Reducing Tee 55

Eddy System of Vacuum Heat-
ing 157, 159

Ejector and Condenser, Moline

System 171

Equalizing Pipe 69, 71)

Eureka Fitting 82

Exhaust Steam, Value of 44

Expansion Hangers 64

Expansion of Wrought Pipe. ... 54
Expansion Tank Connection,

Circulation in Tank Ill

Expansion Tank Connection,

Circulation to Tank 110

Expansion Tank Connection,
Horizontal for Overhead Sys-
tem 114

Expansion Tank Connections

for Hot Water Heating 109

Expansion Tank Connection,
Vertical for Overhead System. 113

20S

INDEX

Page
Expansion Tanks, Rules for

Determining Sizes .112, 113

Expansion Tanks. Table of Sizes

Page
Heating, Domestic Hot Water

Supply 116

Heating Greenhouses 180

Heating Surface in Tubular

Boilers 190

Heating Surface in Wrought

Pipe, Table 201

Heating Systems, Average Life. 13
Heating Systems, What is Con-

False Water Line, How Created,

61, 66

Fittings, Tapped Eccentric 55

Forty -five Degree Connection,

55. 56, 58

Heating, Vaeuuin, Vapor and

Vaouo-Vapor 133

Heat, Mechanical Equivalent of. 12

Fuel, Characteristics of.. 188

Fuel, Combustion of 19

Fuel, Economical Firing 21

Heat Unita in Water, Table 197

Honeywell Generator . 97, 98. 99

Huni-ywcll Generator. Method

of Connecting 98

Horse Power 24. 188

Hot Water Circulation, Princi-

Fuel, Kinds of 187, 188

Fuel, Rate of Combustion 19

Fuel Required for Heating 22

Galvanized Iron Pipe, Weights

per Li&ttl Foot, Table .204

Galvanized Sheet Iron, Sizes

and Weights, Table 203

Gate Valve 121. 122, 124

Gate Valve with Yoke 124

QUm Surface in Windows, Table 206

Globe Valve 120

Globe Valve, Improper Use of. . 121
Gorton System of Vaeuuin Heat-

Hot Water Healing, Accelerated
Methods 96

Hot Water Heating, Advantages
Claimed for Closed System 72

Hot Water Heating, Boiler, •
Radiator and Pipe CoonM-

Hot Water Heating, Circuit

Bprtant si

Hot Water Heating, Expansion

Hot Water Heating, Method of

Grate Surface, How Determined 23

Greenhouse Heating 180

Greenhouse Heating, Method

of Piping 183, 184

Greenhouse Piping System 184

LI eat, How Measured
Heat, How Transferred
Ilea tine Apparatus, Prope'

Hot Water Heating, Open Tank

Svstem. T'.i

Hot Water Heating, Radiator

Connections 90, 91. 92. 911

Heating, Radiator
93. 94

tea 95

"le Eureka

■*. 82

'lie Over-
^B • • 84

INDEX

Page

Hot Water Heating, The Phelps
Single Main Tee 83

Hot Water Heating, The Two-
Pipe Gravity System 75, 76

Hot Water Radiator Valve 126

Hot Water Risers, Method of
Connecting 78, 79

Hot Water Systems, Details of
Construction 77, 78, 79

Hot Water Systems, How Clas-
sified 72

Hot Water Thermometer, Use
of 89

Impulse Valve, Gorton System.. 155
Indirect Heating, Sizes of Air

Ducts and Registers 38

Indirect Radiation, Amount Re-
quired 40

Indirect Radiator, Air Supply, 37, 38
Indirect Radiator, Location of. 36
Information, Rules and Tables. 186
Internal Areas of Pipe, Table. . 202

K-M-C System of Vacuum
Heating 151, 152, 153

Kriebel System, Method of In-
stallation 175

Kriebel System of Vacuum-
Vapor Heating 173, 174, 175

Kriebel System, Operation of. . 176

Main, Method of Dripping 53

Main, Table Sizes of Drips 54

Material for Setting Tubular

Boilers 30

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat . 12
Mechanical Systems of Vacuum

Heating 141

Melting Points of Metal, Table. 192

Mensuration 189

Method of Connecting Radia-
tors for One-Pipe System . 59, 60

Page
Method of Connecting Radia-
tors for Overhead System. 60, 65
Method of Connecting Radia-
tors for Two-Pipe System,

59, 61, 62, 63
Method of Dripping a Riser. . 58
Method of Supporting Riser,

65, 68. 69

Methods of Heating 13

Methods of Warming 13

Mills System of Steam Heating,

50, 51
Milwaukee Heat Generator. ... 100

Miscellaneous Information 188

Mitre Coil 32, 33

Modulated Systems 177

Moline System, Method of In-
stallation 172

Moline System of Vacuum-
Vapor Heating. 169, 170, 171. 172
Mouat System of Vapor Heat-
ing 162, 163

Movement of Air, Tablo 196

Ninety Degree Connection, 55, 56, 57
Non-Mechanical Vacuum Sys-
tems 148

Number of U. S. Gallons in
Tanks, Table 199

One-Pipe Method of Circulat-
ing Steam 43, 44

One-Pipe System, Method of
Coe nee ting Radiators .... 59. 60

O S Fittings 88, 89, 90, 91

Overhead System, Advantages
of S4

Overhead System, Details of
Construction 86, 87

Overhead System, Method of
Connecting Radiators 60, 65

Overhead System, Method of
Installation 85

Overhead System of Hot Water
Heating 84

210

INDEX

Page

Overhead System of Steam
Heating 50,

Packless Valve 124,

Paul Exhauster, High Pressure.

Paul Exhauster, Low Pressure.

Paul System, Down Feed Ex-
haust

Paul System of Vacuum Heat-
ing 142, 143, 144,

Paul System, Regular High
Pressure

Phelps Heat Retainer

Phelps Single Main Tee

Pipe Coils, Surface In

Pipe Connections for Steam
Heating

Pipe, Expansion of 54, 64,

Pipe Risers, Area of

Pipe, Table Internal Areas and
Weights

Piping, Method of Crossing I
Beam

Pop-Safety Valve

Pressure for Heating Boilers . . .

Pressure of Water by Siphon
Draft Gauge, Table

Properties of Saturated Steam,
Table

Pump and Condenser, Bishop-
Babcock-Becker System

Quintuple Valve, Broomell Sys-
tem "

127
143
142

144

145

101

189

52
65
65

202

71
25
25

194

198

161

162

Radiating Surfaces

Radiating Surfaces, Types of , 31,

Radiation

Radiation Required for Green-
house Heating

Radiation Required for Vacuum
Heating

Radiation Required for Vapor
Heating ,,..,,

31
33
31

182

139

Page
Radiation Required for Vapor-
Vacuum Heating 139

Radiation, Rules for Estimating,

38, 39

Radiator, Direct 33

Radiator and .Pipe Connections

for Hot Water Heating 88

Radiator and Pipe Connections

for Steam Heating 52

Radiator Connections for Hot

Water Heating. 90, 91, 92, 93
Radiator, Direct- 1 n d i r e c t or

Semi-Direct 34

Radiator Tappings for Acceler-
ated Heating 104

Radiator Tappings, Hot Water

Heating 93, 94

Radiator Valve, Hot Water 126

Radiator Valve, Simplex Hot

Water 131

Radiator Valves, Special Types,

125, 126, 128

Radiator Valve, Steam 125

Receiver and Regulator, Broom-
ell System 164, 165

Receiver, Trane Vapor System . 166
Registers and Air Ducts, Table

of Sizes 38

Registers for Indirect Heating. . 38
Relief System of Steam Heat-
ing 44, 45

Retainer Valve, K-M-C System. 153

Return-Bend Coil 32, 34

Return Header 69, 71

Return Pipe, Definition of 52

Return Pipes, Wet or Dry 61

Riser Connection or Branch ... 52

Riser, Definition of 52

Riser, Expansion of 65

Risers, Size of Drips 54

Rules for Estimating Radiation,

38, 39
Rules, Tables and Information. 186

Safety Valve 25

Simplex Hot Water Radiator
Valve r

211

INDEX

Page

8izes Galvanized Sheet Iron,

Table 203

Size of Steam Mains, One-Pipe

System 64

Sizes of Steam Mains, Rules for

Determining 63, 64

Square Feet of Exposed Glass in

Windows, Table 206

Steam, B. T. U. Emitted 187

Steam, Characteristics of 187

Steam Gauge 26

Steam Header 67, 70

Steam Heating 42

Steam Heating, Boiler, Radiator

and Pipe Connections 52

Steam Heating, Circuit System,

46, 47
Steam Heating, Divided-Circuit

System 46, 48

Steam Heating, Exhaust 43, 44

Steam Heating, Gravity Return, 42
Steam Heating, High Pressure

42, 43
Steam Heating, Low Pressure. . 42
Steam Heating, Methods of In-
stallation 42

Steam Heating, One-Pipe Meth-
od 43, 44

Steam Heating, Overhead or

Mills System 50, 51

Steam Heating, Relief System,

44, 45
Steam Heating, Systems in

General Use 42

Steam Heating, Two-Pipe Sys-
tems 49, 50

Steam Main 52

Steam Main, Method of Cross-
ing Beam 71

Steam Radiator Valve 125

Strength of Tubular Boilers 190

Surface in Pipe Coils 189

Swing Joint 58, 59

Systems of Steam Heating 42

Table. Boiling Point of Water,

137, 138

Page

Table I, Boiling Points of Fluids, 192

Table II, Temperature of Fire. . 192

Table III, Approximate Melting
Points of Metals 192

Table IV, Areas of Circles 193

Table V, Chimney Flues 194

Table VI, Pressure in Inches of
Water by Siphon Draft Gauge 194

Table VII, Amount of Vacuum
Secured at Different Tem-
peratures 195

Table VIII, Velocity of Flow of
Water 195

Table IX, B. T. U. Required for
Heating Air 196

Table X, Ventilation 196

Table XI, Heat Unite in Water. 197

Table XII, Properties of Satu-
rated Steam 198

Table XIII, Number of U. 8.
Gallons in Tanks 199

Table XIV, Dimensions and
Capacities of Standard
Wrought Iron Pipes 200

Table XV, Heating Surface in
Wrought Pipe 201

Table XVI, Internal Areas of
Different Sizes and Weights
of Pipe 202

Table XVII, Capacities and
Threads of Standard Wrought
Iron Pipe 202

Table XVIII, Galvanized Sheet
Iron — Sizes and Weights 203

Table XIX, Galvanized Sheet
Iron Pipe 204

Table XX, Dimensions of Regis-
ters 205

Table XXI, Square Feet of Ex-
posed Glass Surface in Win-
dows of Various Sizes 206

Table, Drip Pipes for Steam
Mains 54

Table, Expansion of Wrought
Pipe 54

Table, Radiation Required for
Greenhouse Heating 182

Table, Radiator Tappings for
Hot Water 94

<l\1

INDEX

Page

P«g*

Table, Size of Drips for Risers . .

Unique Radiator Valve. 128

Table. Size of Mains for Circuit

Unique Radiator Valve Closed.

System

Sectional View i:W>

Table, Size of Mains, One-Pipe

Unique Radiator Valve Open.

System

Sectional View 129

Table. Sizes and Capacities of

U. S. Gallons in Tanks, Table 199

Expansion Tanks

Table, Sizes of Main and Return

for Atmospheric System .

178

Table, Sizes of Mains and

Vacuo- Vapor Heating. ... . 133

Branches for Hot Water Heat-

Vacuum Heating. Bishop-Bab-

cock-Becker System. . . 156. 157

Vacuum Heating, Eddy System,

Table. Sizes of Supply and Re-

turn Pipes for Vapor Heating

170

167, 159

Table, Temperature* and Pres-

Vacuum Heating, Dimlinm Sys-

sures of Water

tem [56 156

Tables, Information and Rules

186

Vacuum Heating, Gorton Sys-

Tank Circulator. Method of

Connecting

107

Vacuum Heating, K-M-i By*

Tank Circulator, The Honeywell

1117

tern 151. 152. 153

Tank Heaters, How Rated

117

Vacuum Heating, Mechanical

Tanks, Capacities of

189

Svstems 141

Tee, Used " Bull-Head" ... - 56,

Vacuum Heating, Paul System,

Temperature of Fire, Table. . .

192

142, 143. 144, US

Theory and Laws of Heat

Vacuum Heating. Principles of.

To Clean a Water Gauge.

190

134. 135, 136. 137

Trane Mercury Seal , .'. ,

149

Vacuum Heating, Principles of

Trane-Paul Air Valve

150

Operation 140

Trane System of Vapor Heating,

Vacuum Heating, Radiation Re-

163, 164, 165.

li,i',

quired 139

Trane Vacuum System 148, 140.

ISO

Vacuum Heating, Trane System.

Trane Vapor System, Method

14S, 149, 150

of Installation

167

Vacuum Heating, Van Auken

Tubular Boilers, Heating Sur-

System ' 146

Vacuum Heating, Webster Sys-

Tubular Boilers, Strength of.. .

1«0

tem .' 141

Two-Pipe Gravity Hot Water

Vacuum, How Measured . 137

Heating, Method Employed,

Vacuum, How Produced 135

75,

Vacuum Secured at Different

Two-Pipe System, Method of

Temperatures, Table 195

Connecting Radiators, 59, 61,

Vacuum Systems, Non-Mii-liLiui-

62.

cal 148

Two- Pipe System of Steam

Vacuum, Vapor and Vacuo-

Heating 49,

Vapor Heating 133

Types of Radiator Surfaces. , .

Vacuum-Vapor Heating, Kriobai
System 173. 174, 175

Vacuum-Vapor Heating, Moline
System 169, 170. 171, 172

Union Elbow, Broomell System

163
2

Vacuum, What It Is 133, 134

INDEX

Page

Valves and Air Valves 120

Valves, Types Employed on
Heating Apparatus 120

Van Auken System of Vacuum
Heating 146

Vapor and Vacuo- Vapor Heat-
ing 133

Vapor Heating, Broomell Sys-
tem 160, 161

Vapor Heating, Mouat System,

162, 163

Vapor Heating, Radiation Re-
quired 40, 41, 139

Vapor Heating, Sizes of Supply
and Return Pipes 170

Vapor Heating, Trane System,

163, 164,\16o, 166

Vapor Heating, Vapor Regula-
tor Co 168, 169

Vapor Heating, What It Is. 138, 139

Vapor Regulator Co's. Special-
ties 168

Vapor Regulator Co's. System,
Method of Installing 169

Vapor Regulator Co's. System
of Vapor Heating. .'..... 168, 169

Vapor Systems 160

Vapor- Vacuum Heating, Radia-
tion Required 139

Velocity of How of Water, Table 195

Ventilation, Table 196

Vertical Checks, K-M-C System,

151, 152

Water, Boiling Point of 137, 138, 187
Water, Characteristics of . . . 186, 187

Water Column and Gauge 26

Water, Expansion of 187

Water, Gallons per Cubic Foot . 186
Water Gauge, How to Clean ... 190
Water Hammer, Reason for ... . 60
Water Line, Distance Required,

62, 63
Water, Pounds per Cubic Foot . 186

Water, Pressure of 187

Water, Table of Temperatures

and Pressures 73

Webster Modulating System,

178, 179

Webster Motor Valve 141

Webster System of Vacuum

Heating 141

Weights and Areas of Pipe,

Table 202

Weights of Galvanized Sheet

Iron, Table 203

Wrought Iron Pipe, Table of

Dimensions in Capacities. . . . 200
Wrought Pipe, Heating Surface

In, Table 201

214

CATALOGUE OF

PRACTICAL BOOKS

FOR PRACTICAL MEN

EACH BOOK IN THIS CATALOGUE IS WRITTEN

BY AN EXPERT AND IS WRITTEN SO

YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT

PUBLISHED BY

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.

Publithen of Scientific and Practical Book)

132 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK, U. S. A.

SUBJECT INDEX

PAGE

Accident* 20

Air Brakes 19, 21

Arithmetics 11. 22. 28

Automobiles 3. 4, 5

Balloons 5

Bevel Gears 17

Boilers 19

Brazing 6

Cams 17

Change Gears 17

Charts 6

Chemistry 26

Coal Mining 24

Coke 7

Compressed Air 7

Concrete 7. 8, 9

Cyclopedia 7, 21

Dictionaries 9

Dies 9. 10

Drawing 10. 25

Drop Forging 10

Dynamo 11. 12. 13

Electricity 11. 12. 13. 14

Engines and Boilers 23

Factory Management 14

Flying Machines 5

Fuel 14

Gas Engines 14. 15. 16

Gas Tractor 30. 31

Gears 17

Heating. Electric 11

Hot Water Heating 28

Horse-Power Chart 6

Hydraulics 17

Ice Making 17

India Rubber 26

Interchangeable Manufacturing 21

Inventions 17

Knots 18

Lathe Work 18

Lighting (Electric) 11

Link Motion 19

Liquid Air 18

Locomotive Boilers 19

Locomotive Engineering 11). 20. 21

Machinists* Books 21, 1>2, 23

Manual Training 23

Marine Engines

Marine Steam TurUpes

Mechanical Movements

Metal Turning

Milling Machines

Mining „

Oil Engines

Patents

Patternmaklng ^

Perfumery

Pipes

Plumbing «4|

Producer Gas

Punches

Railroad Accidents

Recipe Book M*

Refrigeration IT

Rope Work 18

Rubber Stamps M

Saws 28

Sheet Metal Working 9. 10

Shop Tools 22. »

Shop Construction 23

Shop Management 22

Sketching Paper 11

Smoke Prevention 14

Soldering 6

Splices 18

Steam Engineering 27. 28

Steam Heating 28

Steam Pipes 28

Steel 28. 29. 30

Superheated Steam 19

Switchboards 11. 18

Tapers 18

Telephone 13

Threads 28

Tools 22. 28

Tractor. Gas 30.31

Turbines 89

Ventilation 28

Valve Gear 20

Valve Setting 19

Walschaert Valve Gear 20

Watchmaking 80

Wiring 11. 12, 13. 14

Wireless Telephones and Telegraphy 13

BF-ANY OF THESE BOOKS PROMPTLY SENT PREPAID TO ANY ADDRESS

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»„.< PublUhed! 1914 Reoiemd Edition! ISO Pag** of Ntw Matter and

Engraving! Added. Contain* Up-to-the-minute Information .

The MODERN GASOLINE
AUTOMOBILE

Its Construction, Operation, Maintenance
and Repair.

By VICTOR W. PAGlt, M. E.

PRICE $2.50

A COMPLETE AUTOMOBILE BOOK, SHOWING EVERY RECENT IMPROVEMENT

By a careful study of the pages of this book one can gain practical knowledge of
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II. Principal Part* o[ Gaaoliu

I Delaila of Piston.. V. liqai

i. utility or niwhw

Powef-Plant Trouble*. !

"Thia book is aupe

it book w

ibile Owner hu tur tor ■ book at thia el

" W> know of no other volume that la ao romplet-.

uumohile cooatruction with ite mechanical intneaciea ta ao ptal
ur o( ill u«t rations." — The Material.

" The book ia very thorough, a careful examination falllnr
automobile, it* care and repair, to have been overlooked" -

"Mr. Pas* baa done a great work, and benefit to the Am
A. Automobile School, Beaton. Mas.

"It iijuat the kind ol a hooka nioioriat needa il be aasl

Pile, Aaaodata Editor.

JUST PUBLISHED!

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RELATING TO MODERN

AUTOMOBILE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR

By VICTOR W. PAG& M. E.,

Io mobile", "The Moder

iOO (6.9; P.,«.

> mf thirt*-aa

PRICE SI. SO.

THIS practical treatiae conti.ti of •
lei. on., covering with nearly 2000 _.__
amweri— the automobile, it. coa* traction, operatii
>ir. The .ubject matter i* absolutely correct and eipliiaed
imple I. n jjujigr If you can't an.wer all of the followini
itioni, you need thia work. The amwrn to Iheie ana 1
\y 2000 more are to be found in iti pace a.

Give the name of all important parts of an automobile
and describe their functions. Describe action of latest
types of keroB«ne carburetors. What ia the difference
| between a "Double" ignition system and a "dual" ignition
system T Name parts of an induction coil T How are v»|v«
timed? What ia an electric motor starter and howdoeait
work? What are advantages of worm drive gearing!
Name all important types of ball and roller bearings? What is a "Three-
quarter" floating axle? What is a two-speed axle? What ia the Vulcan electric
gear shift? Name the causes of lost power in automobiles. Describe all noise*
due to deranged mechanism and give causes? How can you adjust a carburetor
by the color of the exhaust gases? What causes "popping" in the carburetor?
What tools and supplies are needed to equip a car? How do you drive variooi
makes of earn? What is a differential lock and where ia it used? Name different
systems of wire wheel construction, etc., etc.

A popular work at a popular price. Answers every question yon
may ask relating to the modern automobile.

SYNOPSIS OP THE 36 LESSONS

Cm of Clulchand Va
TJie Friclion Transo
The Individual Glut

c! It* Applica

oils Type* Dcacrtbed
i Change SpeeflGei

cur A«te Types.

uiomohiie Frame:

o Start aud Control *

jV,

\*vff|i

Bile Cbaaaia.
Their Sympioan
■nig Power Plant Group.
lei With Power Traj

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

AUTOMOBILE

THE MODERN GASOLINE AUTOMOBILE— ITS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION,
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR. By Victor W. Page, M. B.

The latest and most complete trcatiso on tin- Gasoline Automobile ever Issued. Written
Id simple language tiy a rooogttiioil ;■ 1 1 j l. .j ■ r ■. lanuliar « n h even- branch of the auto-
mobile Industry. Kn-e from technical terms. Em -ry thing In explained Bo simply
that anyone of ivfrunf Intelligence may gain a comprehensive knowledge of the
gasoline automobile. The information is up-to-date ami Includes, in addition to an

exposition of principles of struct ion and di script ion of all lyjiea of automobiles and

their ™iui»-nvrn-. \abiaiil.- mon.-y- savins: hints on ilie cm' ami operation of motor-
cars propelled by internal combustion engines Among some of the subjects treated
might bo mentioned: Torpedo and otlier *j mmMrical body forms deigned to reduce
air resistance; sleeve valve, rotary valve and other types of silent motors; increasing;
tendency to favor worin-gear power-transmission; universal application of magneto
Ignition; development of automobile eleri rie-liuhiing systems: block mourn; under-
•lung chassis, application of practical self-iaroiv loin; stroke and offset cylinder

motors: latest aulomatie luhncation systems; silent chains (or valve operatic

change-speed gearing; tile use of front ulutl brakes and muty 'other detail rednei

By a careful study of the pages or this book one can gain practical knowledge of auto-

mobile construction thai "ill save tinu-. ne.n.-v and biiiti . Tli.' I k lelis you just

what to do, how and when to do it. Nothing has been omitted, no del ail ban been
alighted. Every part of the automobile, its equipment, accessories, tools, supplies,
spare parts necessary, etc., have In -n discussed comprehensive'-- '

Intend to become a motorist, or are in any way inn-rested in th

Automobile, this is ■ book you cannot atford to be without. Over (-_

and morotiiau n7Bnew uri'l specialty made uetail Illustrations, as well as many full
pure »nd double page plates, snowing nil part" i if the automobile. Incluritng II Inrt'e
folding plates. 1*14 edit lou just Issued. t.-Y. pour J fur full i[.».i1|,ti.m., Price $2. SO

OUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON AUTOMOBILE DESIGN. CONSTRUC-
TION AND REPAIR. By VICTOR W. Paq£, M. E.

This practical treatise consists of thlrty-tii lessons covering with neurit LfJOQ quest ions
and their orswer-tho automobile, its construe ion, operation sud repair. The sub-
ject maitir is absolutely correct; and eiplainoii in simi>l- languuge. The book Is

estcd in the. modern Gasoline

died with drawings and photographs. showing'tbe latett domestic
di.- ( njiti'in

intl plalea. (Set jxioc U fur full
Proe $1.50

WHAT 18 SAID OF THIS BOOK:
"' If you own n car-Cct this book."— Thr Qltwrowftrr.
"Mr. I'«g6 bas the faculty of malting difficult subjects plain and understandable."

biles 1 ban!

. o to give trouble and also details the de-
li smooth engine operation.
Valuable to students, motorists, mechanic*, repairmen, garagemen. automobile sales-
men, chauffeurs, mo tor bruit owner*, motor truck and ! motor drivers, aviators, un "
cyclists, and all others who have lo do with gasoline power plants.
Ii simplifies location of all engine troubles, and white it will provo Invaluable ti
novice. It can tie used lo advantage bv tin' more expert. It should lie on the wl„. ...
every public ami pi I hoc c:oi.-.-. automobile repair shop, club 1u.il-.i- or school. It con
be carried In the automobile or pocket with ease, and will insure against lost of time
when engine trouble manifests Itself.

This sectional view of engine Is a complete review or all motor troubles. H Is prepared
by a practical motorist for all who motor. More Information for the money lltan ever
before ottered. No details omitted, fil/e 2oi:18 inches. Securely mailed on receipt

«r as cuti

BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES

This book has been writte:

air-hip or filing machine. It contains five folding pi

sheet c. ii i. on 1 1 in a iliitt i' ui -i;a ,1 miieliine. Much instruction and amusement a
obtained from the ma king and flying of these models.
A short account or i he [irccr.-- of :n iatioti is Included, *
— tter Interest. Several illuslr '

IS ot lull sized, at

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

latest types are scattered throughout the text. This practical work (ire* dm

H"rkn,.- ■ !tji •- lijf-. mid dHaili wlneli » ill s-eiisl imiicriiilJ v 1 !n.;:- Irucrt jr.. .J ill the [ict,I>
lenu of flight. 137 pages. i^lUiulr»tloiM. 5 folding platea. Price 11. GO

BRAZING AND SOLDERING

(BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By Jaues F. Hobart.
The only book that shows you Just how to handle any Job of brazing or soldering
,;..:■ ...:.,,,- I- , ,:..'■ ■■.■■.. . . . ■

GA
HO
MC

Full i.r valuable kinks. The fifth e.

neh new matter and a large nueooeroi uaioa lurmuias lorau uutta oi solders *M
m have been added. Illustrated. 35 colt

CHARTS

GASOLINE ENGINE TROUBLES MADE EAST— A CHART SHOWING SEC-
TIONAL VIEW OF GASOLINE ENGINE. Compiled by Victor W. Pam.

II slit-.*-* i-l.urK nil | inns of :i m pi ml r.i.ir- rvli inl'T ni> 'illn>- emtio.' of lhe fuuf-.-. .'i«
type. It outline* dHiinrtlj nil jrn.ru liable to give trouble and also detail) "'

niiigciiieiits apt In Innr-fere with srn,..rli .nt'iiii' operation.

Valuable to students i.i. . n . i- i . r ■.. m,.hsnlcs. repairmen, garagemen. automobile jalts-
men, chauffeurs, motorboat owners, motor-truck and tractor drivers, aviators, motor-
cyclist*, and all others who hive io .lo v. i t ii gasoline power plants.

It simplifies location of all engine troubles, and while it will prove Invaluable to tb»
* — be used to advantage by tbe mora expert. It should be on the wall! of

every public and private garage, automobile repair shop, club bouse or school. 1
be earned in the anl<muihll<'

\',n

... ... pocket with ease and will insure _„

when engine trouble manifests Itself.

This sectional view of engine is a compii'i.' r>-\ i.-w i.| all motor tri'ibles. It u pn>

pared by a practical motorist for all who motor. No details omitted. Mae 2.U3S

Inches ..26 oali

MOTORCYCLE TROUBLES MADE EASY — A CHART SHOWING SEC-
TIONAL VIEW OF TWIN CYLINDER GASOLINE ENGINE. Cora-

piled by Victor W. Pase.

Thischartsimplitjes location or all power pliiot trouble*, and will prove inv.lmbrt
logll who hj»ve to do with the operation, repair or sale of motorcycles. Nt> ■lenili
omitted. Size 26*38 inches. Price ., 2S reels

MODERN SUBMARINE CHART— WITH 200 PARTS NUMBERED AflD
NAMED

view, showing dearly and distinctly all tbe interior or a Submarine of
You Bet mure inform ui.ii.nt from this chart, about the cons u-ur-uon snd

Submarine, ilun In any other way. No details omitted — everything
u accurate ana to scale. It Is absolutely correct In every detail, ba. ring been uprovsd
by Naval Engineers. AH the machinery and devices fitted In B modern Submarine
Boat are shown, and to make the friaravinK more readily understood, all the featuna
ire shown in opera ilv form with ( inker* ami Men In the act or performing the duties
asslaned to tbem In ■■ rvlce eondltlons. This CHART la REALLY ANENCYCLO-
PEDIA OF A SUBMARINE 30 ee»U

BOX CAR CHART.

A chart showing the anatomy or a box car. having every part of the car numbered tad
lUpropernamoglven In o reference list 36 tesli

GONDOLA CAR CHART.

A chart showing iho anatomy of a gondola car. having every part of the i

and Its proper reference name given in a reference list . >u m-

PASSENGER CAR CHART.

A chart show! ng lhe anatomy of a pawengerear. having every part of the car numbered
and ita proper name given Ins reh-re-uce list 35 eeatt

STEEL HOPPER BOTTOM COAL CAR.

A chart showing the anatomy of a mcl Hopper Bottom Coal Car. having every part
of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list 86 ceils

TRACTIVE POWER CHART.

A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar pull or any locomotive
without making a figure. Shows what cylinders ire e.|iial. how driving wheels and
steam pressure affect the i.n^.r What siied engine you need toenert a given drawbar
pull or anything you desire in this line 80 craw

HORSE POWER CHART.

ebowsthehoracp". ■'■ illation. No matter what

tlie cylinder diameter of stroke, the steam pressure or cut-off. the revolution*, or

whether condensing or noii-coude ruing, it's all there. Easy to use, ace

saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers.

BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowlbb.

A chart — slue lixSS Inches — showing in Isometric pcrspi«-tli-o the rneofaenjsna. Js-
longing In a modern boiler room. The various purls are shown broken or removed
so that the Internal ron-tnieiioii li fully illustrated. Each part la given a refnrenM
number snd theft*, with tin: c«w«*wv\mg nmm wi ?Weu in a glossary printed at
the sides. This chart is really a, AYcManaxy ot ttns\*A\« wmyo.— tensn,..!
20dparu being Riven. - ™> ™*»

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

OVll ENGINEERING

HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OP PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED
TRADES. Edited by Juswb t). Huknkk. AMI Hj

Thia »*t of Are Tolnroea contain*, about 2,500 iuw« with thousand* of llliiatrahtaM.
Indudlnc dlunnmuk and sectional drawing* with full aaiilanBtorif deiaiu Ttaw
work cover* tte entire pt«llc*ofCiiidlandMivhBiuc»lKii«liirw1ni< Tlir l-wl kni.an
expert* in all brancbe* of emu ;■■

pedia 1» admirably well adapted to the needa of the bcalimof ami til- a-'ll taiuilit
prarri.il mm. aa welt u ihe mechanical engineer, dcalgner, draflamaii, (boo lupi I
intendent, foreman, and machlnltt. The work oil) he fmiiid a mum <-t uli >ni™inii
- ' - huimp. thorough and 111

11 lla descriptive matter. aJi '

dm are m brief u pa i

pie practical eiperlence In Che n

to any progreeitve man. It la encyclopedic In arop*. thomugn and i
treatment of technical tubjecta. almplo and clear In 11* deacrlp 1 1 > c matter, ami ■litmi
unneceaaary tecbolcallUe* or formula!. The artlclce am aa brief aa may lw ami m
five a reasonably clear and explicit atatemoat i>f the aultjn't. ami are mltii-ii ly til*..

who have bad ample pracih-nl experti'tiri' In t!ie mailer* •■[ -lik-li i nil,. Ii !.■!!.

" inliiifrinil. and telli 11 ■•• -lu.i.i

idenrtamf Aa a mirk of refurem e II I
orcoinplBle»i'tornn> viilum™. prlc-n, . BUbOO

jo know about

tiaely thai one cannot help but i

peer. S6.00 persinirle volume. For complete:

' 18 SAID OP THIS 8P.T OP BOOKS:

Hi> in n m.nmt<ndahlti work "-- Kngtnminv

i ciiiitiui'd in imu'luinli-al .-rut m 1 1, hi.

COKE-MODERN COKING PRACTICE; INCLUDING THK ANALYSIS or
MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. By T. Ii. Bth.im hj;.] .1. K. Cnuipi-iwugii.

A handbook for those engaged In Coke mimiifnilui" am! I In' recovery of lly pri«lnri*
Fully Illustrated with folding platen. Ii. has I.e. n rlir >lm i.r ili<- miilim-. In |.r<<i>»> ■'■■

this book, to produce one which ahall beof iweand lieni'lll t — ■ wli.mr.i I.i.ii

- : -'- ir Interested In. Hit' i I.tn ri,i-,i,,|, r . >i ;in- I , . . i ■ ■ ,i i ■.■ r , i hi

„ , ™ — ,. — ._. .., „.,„,„ n, ,-,„, Waahltir "' "*

I c'l.'L-.ill.-n iii.ii i,f Fuel...

iBrglng and Dlaehargina of Coke Oven*. X. Cooling ami < ' ■ m 'ii.ni •. i

.s Eihaustera, XII. Compoaitloii and Aii»lv«l« of Aiiinuitilu-al l.h|ii»r XIII

jraing-upurAfnmoiuacBl Liquor. XIV. Treatment (if Want* dura from rlllluliaUi

mts. XV. Valuation of Amm.inhiui Hul jjlm Uv XVI liimt ItMvivnrir of Am-

— "1. Surpluauaa from Coke oven, llaoftil Tabliat,

WlThHlK-'l]

Plant.. X.

roonla from una uvea ■ n

Very fully Illustrated. Prii

COMPRESSED AIR
COMPRESSED ALR IN ALL ITS APPLICATIONS. Ily OOUUM I). LaaMO,

Tblali the moat complete book on the aohlnrt of Air thathaaavar bat.ii IwimI. audita
thirty-five chaptera include about every phaae of tlm «iih)-rti«i» i.n Uiinli nf Ii tnar
be called an encyclopedia of compreaartf air. It la written by Bo nprrl, »b 4

r.[-T»-.on of -'■.'!..-..■/ md F'i-irtat.1* Ma.lun.ri. I" V
?■,.;•::. :,* r.f W*-..r. ,,■■:■!>. and f,|:, f- Mr lila-t f..r

Saod Sl*»t aad Ita Work, and the Sunaerouai Appflane«

•> Moat Convenient and Xcoatomleal Trnaatnltt«r of fowar
Railway PropoMoa. RefrlaeraUoa. aad tba Varlooa t.'a— (o
baa been aponed. lactudea (onr-tw Ubtea of In* pwya"
•v/m. espaaMaoo. aad voMunea reip ia rnl for »arfa—
U on rmnana iid aar from 117* to tkata On* MO
— ~ bound M 40. Half Momobd,

CONCRETE

aatta Pnanl by A. A. ifotumv*. ijv*u»

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL riOOKS

Idlns squares, hexagonal and but other st j h-s of c
I lull j iUusUkU.il and explained. (No. V of Series)

eprofnrpniportloiuot cement and agKrejiates for various finishes, also the meihMj
thoroughly mining mil placing in the molds, are fully Ireated.
[.ii ilii- . omrete »urkor will find of daily

CONCRETE FLOORS AND SIDEWALKS. By A. A. HoramOTS.

sidewalk blocks mi

PRACTICAL CONCRETE SILO CONSTRUCTION. By A. A. Hough™

Complete working dn«lniii slid specifications are given for s-veral stvh-s of ■..■
■Ilni. wlili Illustrations ■•! molds for monolithic end Muck alio*. The ItMn 'liu in
inform* lion presented In i In.- book ur.n( ihe utmost value In planning and ooostroRo*
■II forma or concrete alloc. (No. a of Series.) 00 «au

MOLDING CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, SLATE AND ROOF TILES. By A A.
fli milium

The manufacture of all type* of conrrete slate and roof tile la fully treated Yalnahls
data on hit forma of reinforced concrete roofs are contained within Its pun Tl»

conslrucii r i-mikti'Im chimneys hy block and monolithic systems is fully il ii,:.-i

and described. Am r m

are ahown in this valuable treatise. (No. 4 of Series) 60 eeati

HOLDING AND CURING ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE. By A. A. Hocotrco*.
e proper pi

thorough!'

tr.-an-..- oa il
(No. CorSurlta)

CONCRETE MONUMENTS, MAUSOLEUMS AND BURIAL VAULTS. By A. A
HocasrON.

The molding of oomrete monumenie to imitate the mml gnHln rut stone is ex-
plained In this treatise, with working drawings or easily built molds. Cottnu «*
Bcriptiuns and dcsUjua ia alau fully treated. (No. Oof Serlus) 60 wall

MOLDING CONCRETE BATH TUBS, AQUARIUMS AND NATATORIUMS.
By A. A. Hocohton.

Simple molds and Instruction are given for molding many styles of concrete bain tut*.
swimming pool*, fir. These molda are easily built and permit rapid and successful
work. (No. 7 of Series) 60 mat

CONCRETE BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND SEWERS. By A. A. Hocohtox.

A number of ornamental concrete bridges with illustrations of mnlds arc riira. X
i.'uHnii-ii-l.' I'.-ni.T or tore for bridges, culvert* and sowers la fully Musical**! with d-
talledinscn.-iioiisior building. (No. 8uf Series) &0 eesti

CONSTRUCTmG CONCRETE PORCHES. By A. A. Hotjofttom.

A numher of designs with working dm wine- of molds are fully explained to any w
can easily.-™ struct different styles i .r ornamental concrete |Kircnwi without the pur-
chase of expensive molds. (No. U at Series) . 60 teals

-Wo

MOLDING CONCRETE FOUNTAINS AND LAWN ORNAMENTS. By A. A

HotfGBTON.

Themoldingof a number of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching post*, pergolas •aa
dials and other forms of ornamental .oi.ti. for tin- ornamentation of lawns and gar-
dens, la fully Illustrated and described. iNo.llofSerles) 60 reals

CONCRETE FOR THE FARM AND SHOP. By A. A. Hocohton.

The molding of drain tile, tanks, cisterns. rcnec posts, stable floora. hen and poultry
numbered among the eoutcnts of this banil.v volume. (No- 1- of -Series) . 60 reals

CONCRETE FROM SAND MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton.

A Practical Work treating on a prc*rc*s which has heretofore boon held as a trade sun*
by Ihe few who possessed it. and which will successfully mold every and any class of

orniiment.il concret" work. The |ir -— i.r molding eouercie wlili sand ei

the ii [must practical value, j , , .- s. -. - 1 r a ^ tin- manifold advantages of a luw cost erf molds.
the ease anil rnpldltv uf operation, perfect details to all ornamental design
and increased strength of the concrete- perfect curing of the work without attention
and the easy removal or the mold- regardless ol any undercutting im- design may hare.
192 pages. Fully illustrated. Price S2.00

ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS. By A. A. Hoggbton,

The process for making omnnicnta.1 concrete witboul molds has long been held as a
secret, and now. for the first time, this process Is given to the public. Tlit. book
reveal* the secret and is the only liook published « hleh explains a simple, practical
-'tcr la enabled, by employing wood and metal tern-

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

Column. Pedes tat. Bate Cap, Urn or Pier In s monolithic form— rii
These may be molded in units it blocks and then built- up to suit
demanded. This work Is fully Illustrated, with detailed engravings.

M . »3.00

POPULAR HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE USERS. By Mtrom

H. Lewis.

This Is a concise treatise of the principles and methods employed In the manufacture
and use of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought t'ujei tier
In this work nil r h. sab. m iniiti.r of interest to lite user of coiicrclo mid ii- many
IBcd products. The matter Is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly
■i. Cull-, illU!--[ ml til i.n.i free from Involved mm hen in < ii-s Kverylhing of value to
icrete u»er Is given, includimr kinds ol cement em ploy li! In const met ion rr.m-ret*
wctlonand tesilng. waterpioullng. coloring iind painting, rules, tables.
data. The book comprises thirty-three chapters, as follows:
Introductory. Kinds of Cements and Ilow They are Made. Properties. Testlns

, I I..!" I ii!

How to Use Them. The artistic Treatment ol Concrete .Surfaces. Concrete Building
Blocks. The Making of Ornamental Concrete. Concrete Pipes. Fences, Posts, etc.
EasentlaJ Feature* and Advantages of !■;■ . iHorord < uti, n (.■ Hon to Design Ueen-
forccrd Concrete Dennis. Slubs ami Columns. I-;.il[ ilini^lir •tii ol tin- Methods and

Stone and Gra'

e Beams and Slabs. _

-O In Factory and General 1

■miction. Concrete In Foundation Work. Concrete Kotainlng Wall... .
and Bulkheads. Concede Arehc.1 and Arelt Ifridiro:. Concrete ll.'iini :i

Bridges. Concrel e in Si u, rng.- inn I I >r;i mime Works. Concrete Tanks,

Reservoirs. Concrete Sidewalks, Curbs and Pavements Concrete in Railroad Con-
structions. The t tilli v of Concrete on the Farm. The "W nterj mxi ling of Concrete
Structure. Grout or I hpurl Concrete and lis Csc. Inspection ol Concrete Work. Cost
of Concrete Work, some of I he *poci;il r'l ni i.ivi ill ill, In '■ ■■-

binding Con-

e Tanks, Dams and

Concrete Lser. Price .

WHAT IS 8."
"The Held of Concrete Cnnsirueth
within the understanding of any p
"should lie on the bookshelves o
land.*'— Notional Builder.

;. A condensed

be Observed In Wai.rprooiing
Paper binding. Illustrated.

DICTIONARIES

STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloanb.

An Indtsjiensable work to all Interested In electrical science. Suitable alike for tb»

student mid prolo>si,.m.l. A pracl i ■ -Ji I I in re II J. ..I n Inn eon I Hilling definition' of

'!. terms and plira-.es. The (!. liliil Ions lire 1,-rsc and concise

'-entirely new

the progress

. ' taloo

about SOOtl dlstini
and include ever;
edition

DrES-METAL WORK

3: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OP
SHEET METALS. By J. V. Woodwohth.

A must useful book, and one which should be In the hands of all engaged In the press
working of metals: treating on the Designing. Constructing, and Fse of Tools. Fin urea
and Devices, together with the manner in i.liich ik.v -hooM be used in the Power
Press, for the cheap iind rapid print net ion of i If great \ i.riet \ ..[ sheer .mend articles
Dowln use. It Is designed as a guide u> I lie |irodu.-iion ol i-ht ■'i-metal parti at the
minimum of cost with tho maiinium of output. The hardening and temiiortnjt of
Press tools and the classes of work which mav be produced to the beat advantage by
the use of dies In the power press are full v treated, lis r>t>r. Illustrations show dies.
preuBxtures and sheet- metal working uci lees, i ho descriptions of which are so

.-(instructed i.v the author or tinder his supervision. Others were

and are in use in large sheet-metal establishments and machine "bops.
Price S3.00

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOIL MANUFACTURING IB" PRESSES. Bj 1

J. V. WOODWORTH.

This work ii * companion vol umeto the author's elementary work entitled "Diet TV* I
Construe tlon and C«e." It doosnot go Into the details of die making to the ntaurf I
t be author 's previous book . but glv« a comprehensive review of the field of optnBJ* I
carried on by presses. A largojpart of the Information given haa been drawn (mm u. I

■.'..■■ i. ■;..;■■■,!

Punch Nl»kio«. DtrHlnklna. aheetTletal Working, and Making of Special Touii.SB- I

R. ■■■■. . ■ ,'■■■■
it-- flia tills. . Drawing. Compreasln* and Assembling B beet Metal Part*, and ak« Ar&
-—-la fn Machine Tools. 2d Edition. Price •

DROP FORGING, DIE-SINKING AND MACHINE-FORMING OF STEEL. Bj

.1. V. WuODWORTH.

Thl* to a practical treatUe on Modern Shop Practice. Processes. Method*. Michael
Tool*, and Detail* treating on the Hot and Cold Macbioo- Forming of Steal and Lta
into Finished shape*: Together with Toola, Dim. and Machinery- Involved to ta>
manufacture of Duplicate Forcing! and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Prnsed Para
ID* I ^ rnand of long standing for loforraaaa
log and machlne-Mirmlng of steel and the *a*
,....,. ■ . . - . ■ ......■■

,., ... .; I ...... , ,| ;., .

admirable work, are rarely (o be found explained In luch a clear and concise manse
a* W here aet forth. The process of die-sinking relatea to to* engraving or sink!** (J
the female or lower dies, such aa are used for drop forging*, hot and cold maeSBa
forging. swedglog and the press working of metal*. The process of forcr-mifcfl<
engraving or railing of the male or upper dlea used In producing iba
lower die* for the preaa-forming and machlno-rorging; of duplicate parts of metiL
In addition to the art* above mentioned the book contain* explicit Information re-
slag plants, designs, condition*, equipment, drop
hammers, forging machine*, eic.. machine forging, hydraulic forging, autogrnaoi
a-i'lijiiiK and shop practice. The Iw mk contains eleven chapters, and tbe uformiMt

■!"l > practice.

"---» chapters Ii jmt what will prove n
•- J — -ribed lc **- -

.via Illy illustrate! o>

DRAWING— SKETCHING PAPER

LINEAR PERSECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By Herman T. C. Kraps.

Thla work glvea the theory and pru-tlco of linear perspective, as used In i

engineering and mechanical drawiciic-. Peraoil* taking up the study of tbe i — ,._
by themselves will be able, by the use of din instruction given, to readily grasp tin
■abject, and by reasonable practice become good perspective draftamen. The arrange-
ment of t he book Is good ; the plate ii on the let: hi

follow! on the opposite page, so Be to be readily referred to. Tbo drawings ate on
sumrlently large scale to allow the work clearly and are plainly Ogured. The whole
work nukes a very complete course on perspective drawing, and will be found of
great value to arch It wis. civil and iiitfliaiiir.il rim in- ■■■[-*. pal. tit attorney*, art desbraen.
engravers, and draftsmen $3.50

PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Richards and Colvot.

Shown just how to make all kinds of mechanical drawings In the only practical per-
spective Isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand
a sketch or drawing in this way. Haves lime In the drawing room, and mistakes in tli*
abops. Contains practical dimples of varlouaclassesof work. 3rd Edition. 60 mu

SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELEMENTARY MACHUI1
DESIGN. By F. h. an-vuBTEit, M.E.. Draftsman, with additions by Eatt
Obeko, associate editor of "Machinery."
This is a practical treatUe on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design. romprtsim

the lire t |n .r'i'i[,i, : <>f geometric and nieclianlcal drawing, workshop maiheioitlo.
merlin n lev strengl h of milei In I- :iih( I lie calculations and design of machine detaib.
Tbe author'! aim has been to adapt thla treatise to the requirement* of the practical
mechanic and young draftsman and to present tbe matter In aa dear and concise i

■ I .. i ■-.!.!...[ . ■,--.: ■ i ■ - . ■
iroportini element! of machine design have been dealt with, and In addition algebraic

| , ■.;.... 1 . . . ■

best suited to the neetln of the practical man. The book Is divided Into 20 chapters,
and In arranging the material, mechanical drawing, pure and simple, baa been taken

unfits to prim ipleaof representing object* faeftlMU*

the further study of mechanical subjects. This li followed by the mathematics neas-
»ary for the solution of the problems in machine design which are presented later, and
a practical Introduction to theoretical mechanic* and tbe ilrengtb of materials. TM
various elements entering Into machine design, such as cams. gear*, sprocket whew*,
cone pullets, bolt*, screws, coupling!, clutches, shafting and fly-wheel* have h"
treated In luch a way as to make possible the use of the wurk as a teit-book
■■■- —>ur»e of study. It la — "

itudents of limited previous training. 330 »a*«a. 1« oagftvtnc*.

as a teit-book for *

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

HEW SKETCHING PAPER.

MnpanfvG without

....I any llmlnni; or fus-dnti. Il Is

i .mi help wfinV just what is wanted. Pads .if -in sh
jf40ilirets.ail3iiiclHs.6O M>I>1 40 sheet*. 121 L

ELECTRICITY

sketched or drawings In isometric
leiun used for shop details as well

; work lire lir.v. j ml tii> workman
■ ■. k ii,;t inches, 26 tents. I'-i-
s.Prlco 81.00

ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conok Sloane.

A practical treatise on eln.-lrii.-a1 calculations of ill kinds reduced to a series of ruin, all
<.f the simplest forum, and involilrij! mil i ,-ach nilf illuxlrktctl

hy ulii- ur 111 on- ithiti.mI | . i- . . I- ■ | . - ■ ■ i ... . « ii ri .'l.-iail.-il si, lutein .■! i-aoh , ,rre. Tills hook l<
cfassnl among the must useful works iiuijll-lirsl mi id,- science of .■li'i'tricity. covering

as It dots the ixtur In-niii i i'- "i elect riot v in a m ■ ilnu. wilt attract the. aitrniioti

■-.■ who are not familiar with algebraical formulas. L'nili Kilitiun. 100 page*.
Price , *1.00

COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By Wu. Baxter, Jb.

Thehuainesa end of any dynamo or mororuf the illrtvt current t
This hook rocs ir In- il.--inrimi! I dim!, mill maintenance

■..« to rvim.l. them: e,er>,,ilo wl

llll K,

DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FTFTY-

IWATT DYNAMO. By Arthvh J. Weed, Member of N. Y. Electrical Society.
A practical treatise shnwlric. in rlrt.ill i lie ronytru-'l ion of n small dynamo or motor, the
entire machine work of which ran he ilme- on i small fur it bl he. Dimensioned working
draw mis arc (riven lor null piece of nil, ,■!■ in. ni.ri,. ,ni.| o.i.-h operation In clearly de-
H'Tllit-rl. This machine, w hen i. --ii I .is i! (i y in I], is in i or filly watts: when
,.-, 1 1 us ti mi i r or il will (I l-ii ,- ii ,n in II r I rill press or la ill.-. !< en is In- nsnl to drive a
M-winj: machine on any anil all ordinary work. The book is illustrated with mom
than slity original ■■nunii inns -limi hn: i h. aei i ;M . -. . 1 1 ■ r r . i . ■ 1 1 mi ul I in- different parti.
Aliioni; tt mucins tin' eh.iril.-r- on: I. l-'illv-Watl IliiHimi " '
|y-.|s :;. KiHd I'tmehirai. -I. [jearimzs. ' ■

H..idcn

5. Commutator.

■1. .side Hen

(7. Brum
1. Armature
I'ricc. on tier, 50 cent*.
..... S1.0O

ELECTRIC FURNACES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. By J.

Win

This Is a book which will prove or Intel

.. . nercly looks 'into the subject

■ ■■■, i.=- ul i i-i- mily to tin- ii-i'liiioliiitisi nur so unscientific at

only the tyro In electro. chcmisiri ; Ir is ii practical treatise of i.imt has been done,
and of what is hciriK dune. holli ■-xr-.p-iiu- uliilly anil commercially, with tho electric
furnace, lit imiiortiiiit jiroi-i s nnl.i tire the chemical e

in manufactured successi'ulli in tile ,'lectric

.ii post hims. ir mi tin- electro-chemistry, and tho

t of science wlio merely looks inn, tic -...J.i.-ei irmn curiosltv. The book II

from iis efficacy as a work

L-ii rii ■ h" -pace that tln'sn

*h< lirilllils (he ilf-iin.i.'llr

and both i he efficiency uf the furnace and the cost
s giving the work a .solid commercial value aside
ice. The practical real u res of furnace huildlnK are
The forms are refractory nr'

no, ._.„ .^

r. th

res. Neil Iteiisntl-.iliiiot:

ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND HEATING POCKET-BOOK. By Svdnet F.
Walker.

This hook puts In convenient form 'is-'l'ii! hi format ion regard Inn the apparatus which Is
llkelv to I).' nil ached ii, (lie mains of an elii't rlcal company. Tallies of units and eqillv*
alent* arc included and useful eh -rl rlcal laws ami form nl as are staled.

1. 1 1 ic M.-i ion i- i|, Mn.-i r, .in in, .i,. r s. iranaformen Hid ■ mori ■pearattH

--■ a fourths

in it eh hoards ami related ei|iii[imenr. a f.i

:i fifths,

a discussion of Insrri:

ivltchlioird- rlnTs, .'I i lea Is « llh electric lamp

etlon Is Kl>'-n up t

imt-relal tyties arcdi

,. . . t-ri-al ileal', ( detail Iiiloriiu

Ilhisiratloiis shown itlve a jiood idcao

..[i[..,i-i,i us urtih nlisriissimi Th,' ln-ik also cum litis much

e central slalltin engineer. 4.'l.>i jinp>-s. o(Hi ..■ntravlum.

In leather pocUi.-i-l ;, fonn. Price S3.00

DIAGRAMS AND SWITCHBOARDS. By NaifTlJH

irik-ili'-iil'j.itof i:ieetrieWiriuBiiiallltsliranelies,
and dlaiirains wliii-ii .in- 1 horoiiitlili --\olUii anil creatly simplify
1 "."eri'.da v prohlmii.s in niiin.r at',.- presentctl and tile method

■■■ l.-iirly shown. Only aril hrnerii- is tl.-iisl. Olltn'a Inw

with ril.f-nce to wlntin fur direct ami altivtiatlluf
- -- -ilia! In

... iii,|,-,'t . . .

i.l i.inaiulnji inr-'llhtent re-ulr.

la iriven a simple etplanation

Ciurtnu. Thofundami-ntal principle of drop til put en i

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

Imlin anil branches: tliclr treatment as a part nl _ ...

li, in in I ..... ..■ n i. in.- i-i. ,,i Is illii-irro.il. Smie simple fuel .11*011 testing *tr. hi. ' .

In connect ion mi Hi tin i wiring. Molding sunt conduit work in>*iv.'n care/ill rooai. -

lii'ii : .no I -" il.!il -il-i ;.rr- -.i -i.mi.n.. ..Il.v irealed. lmilT nil ;» r j ' J ill uitratni r<> • H

ih" r ■ ■ i ■■ I ■■ ■ -' - ('!■■> ■ ■ >■ i ■- i'-- ■ n. ■■tii. ii Hiili tt irvi fit ■■ ami to slitmt and • nun.

wound machines. The simple principles of switchboard construction, the dev<*-<i-
ment of the swiichliusrd. I ho oonnis-tions of the various Lnatrunmif. IndiaUm '-M
lightning arrester, art) also plainly set forth.

Alternating current wiring is treated, with explanations of the power factor cvo.1l -i
calling for various sit' 1 * of wire, and a simple way of obtaining the ataeafbr slnide'plua,
two-phase and three-phase circuits. This is the only complete work tunip t dnatat
1 ■ "'if; you what von -In mid krinw i. it dln-ei and alrcraa i ing current wiring, ft

b a ready reference. The work la free

arithmetic being iiaed throughout. H is Id every respect a handy. weo-wTfl'i
Instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for tbe wircttian. foreman, coamrtor.
or electrician. 272pages; 10S Illustrations. Price i:_50

ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR
CONSTRUCTION. By Prof. T. O'Conob Sloajte.

This work treats of (tie making at home of elect rlcnl toys. electrical apparatus, nwun,
rtiiunvK and Irmmjiiu.iii - in general. f,n,j i 4 di-signed lo bring within the fu*_a of

ire of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The mt

laiours and young folks.
Thousands of oilr young people arednily eiperlmcnting. and busily engaged in making
elect rim I toya and apparatus of various kinds. Tile present work Is just whatuwsnt-
ed lo live the much needed Information in a plain practical manner, with ill tistraitwn
to make saay i he carrying out of tbe- work, 20th Edition, enlarged. Price f 1.00

PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloans.

Tbls work of 768 pages was previously known as Slnane's Electricians' Hand Book ind
Is intend. 1 lor tli.- pnoi leal tl.i-trlclan who has to make things go. The entire
field of electricity is covered within its pagea. Among some of the subjects treated
are: The Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit. Electro-Cbemiatry. Primary
Batteries. Storage Batteries. Generation and I tfllaal iuii of Electric Powers, Alter-
nating Current. Armature Winding, Dynamo* and Motors. Motor Genermfim.
Operation of the Contra I Station Switchboard*. Safety Appliances. Distribution
of Electric Light and Power. Street Mi.lu-. T ran- forme ns. Arc and Incandesmu
Lighting. Electric Measurements. Photometry. Electric Railway*, Telephony. BW1-
Wlrlng. Electric- Phi Miil:. El. ■ is. - Healing. Wirel™ Telegraph* . etc. It contains no
Useless tin', in : m-rn hint 1 - in I lu- [.mint. It teaches you just what you want to
know aboil t electricity. It Is the standard work published on tbe subject. Fortj--
one chapters. 660 engravings. Price • .

ELECTRICITY SIMPLD7IED. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloans.

The object of ■'Electricity Simplified " Is to make the subject a.* plain aa
to show what the modern cuiiccptinn of ,!. .uii-irv is: to show how t
different, metal. Immersed In acid, inn send a message around the. globe
bow a bundle of copper wire, rot aie« J In n ■■■■ i < . i lie tbe asps!

our streets, to tell what the volt, ohm and ampere an-, mid what high and low te

mean: and to answer the question* that jwrnenially arise In the mind In this age of
electricity, 1Mb. Edition. 172 pages. Illustrated. Price- St. 00

HOUSE WTRING. By Thomas W. Popfe.

This work describes and illustrates ihe actual Installation ot Electric Light Wiring,
the manner In which I lie work slioiih! l« ■ dune, and the method of doing it- Tbe book
can be conveniently carrh-d in the pc-rkct. It Is Intended for the Electrician. Helper
and Apprentice, ft soh.-s nil Wiring Problems and contain* nothing thai
with the rulings of the National Hour. I ..five I niterwriter*. It give* juat th
tfone*scntl*l to tbe Successful Wiring of a Building. Among the subjects u
Locating the Meter. Panel Koanis. Swllches. Pb "

Various switchhig

testing (he Three- and -

wiring systems and the reason

.■I |.iri< ol lump flit tires nnn t.ne roai
125pages. Kuily lilusiraied. Elexibto cloth.

o technical or orer-

Everv young man who wishes lo twrome n =iireiKsful electrician abould read this hunk.

lit. II- in-iniiileli.iit-uiii;.' rlj.s.ir.-l mid ei.-iest way In WTtime a

The Mudii-. t followed ni.'tliiKis of work, fiilil or operation

of ihe siiei-msful elwtrielan are point-id — * -
gineer will lind this nn em-el lent slopping
which he must master before success can
couraged at the very

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

the connecting Unit b

Eiglit.-ciilii i;.\i-.-.l Kdirimi. ju..L i;

a the public st-hii.ii- ami the real -ludy el electricity

LliyillS-PATEFtSON.

■lice. This work Is arranged in three parts. The first

r_. »..>. o ...r ........ .....,,, ,,„ .>ry of I In' ill nil inn. TJir Shi- I [mn. 1 111- 1-i.ni-rriii't.iiiii

and action or the different class ri nf dynamo In common imp, ore described; while
the third part relates to such matters as affii-t t lie practical management mid working
or dynamos and muter-.. Tin rnllnwing chapters are contained in ilie liiHik: Electrical
Units: Magnetic Principles; Tii.-i.rv nf the, Dynamo: Armature; Armature in
Practice; Field Mantlets; Field \i ■ I;. : ■.,,!;•. i in « I k r.n in. .■- : • 'mi pi lug

Dynamus: I ii-hi n ll:i ■ i,.ii Kuiiiuiilt ini.-l .Miiinii'tirt r livTiuiuiw: l-'imlr- in Dviii.ni'n;

Faults in Armatures; Motors. 201! pages. 117 Illustrations. Price . . . »1.60

"STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloans.

An indispensable
student and urofo

..1 nl.ulir ;, in... ,li.:|inil v.i.i-,1- I

illy Issued. An en-
okeep abreast witb,

i pmui-aphv the bonk

la rery convenient. The word or term defined is printed In block-lm-cd type which,
readily catches the ey< ivhile r In- I ■■..!■.■ ut lie- pa ire u in ■iin.il I. t I sin distinct I vis.v The
definition* are veil worded, and so a-i to be understood by t li<- nmi-ii .-h.nlc.al reader.
Toe general plan seems to be in nive an eiini-t. oi.n.-i-,.- d. -II nil inn. mi.l I lien amplify
and explain In a mom popular way. Synonyms an- also iriven .mil references tool her
words and phrases are made. A very compute and ac-m are index i.r fifty page* is
at the end nf lln> volume; and :.■. lis,- n.il.x i-i,ii i ni ii- nil -..vn. iny in., innl as all phrases
are indexed in every reasonable combination or words, reference in the proper place
in the body nf tin? bunk Is readily made, it is difficult to decide liuw far a book of
tliia character Is to keep the dictionary form, and In what extent it may assume the

i iiiji-Iii;.ii!:.i form, l-'f.r -..-in.- |nn|...s.-s. , r-isi-. exactly worded deflnil ions are I1.-.--1--.1 :

fnr other purposes 111.. it .--.. 1 - r 1 . 1- ■. I i|.-..-,i|-,ii..n-an- r.-'i Hired Thi- lumk seeks to titl-.fi"

l.oth demands, and does il Willi e.in-i.lcral.le Ml -.s. 1 ■iimnl.-ii-. n-i-.il 11ml m-

venlent. 6S2 pages, 393 Illustrations. Twelfth Edition. Price .... S3.00

"SWITCHBOARDS. By William Baxter, Jr.

ctrldan who wants to know the practical
[■nut lit I tins of dviiBiinn rniinect trim and
circuits, anu snows ny diagram inn iiiusiratlnis just, hnvt I he switch Iw.ard should be
ctmilecled Includes . l-ii-i -. ■ r and alP.Tn.idni; rin-rrin li.iar.l-. 1,1... I In i-.- for are lull ' 1 :_■.

Incandesce lit I 1 .<•!.. i-iir.-in «. sp-cial in -ill ne-ni ..11 bijjli v. ■! (asi> la.ards fnr |hh».t

transmission. 2d Edit ion. ) lit 1 panes. Illustrated- Price 31.50

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION
AMD MAINTENANCE. By W. H. RADcLirra and H. C. Cubbish.
This book is Intended fur (lie amateur, lbs wireman. or the t-nElncer who desirm to.

celabllsb a means nl 1 el, phonic rommimii-ntinn l"-i »'i >ti riie r n- 1.1 lit- home. iiftVc.

or shop. Il deals only with such things as may be of use to him rather than with

Gives the principles of const ran inn and operation of both the Hell and Independent
Instruments; approved ni.-i 1 1 ... I - < -- in-i.illinn ami wiring l hem: [lie means.. I proi.-ri um
tbeni from lightning and abnormal i-nimii-; dieir ep.nneeiloii toKeih.-r for operation
as series or brldgine star inns; ami rules for I Is.-ir i[i~|.i etion and maintenance. Line
wiring and the wiring and operation or special telephone systems are also treated.

avoided, an. 1 Iff ■ ■ -nils and systems are tbor-

__ie appendix contains il.-ilpiiiii.n-i ol inn!.: mid terms used in lie.
text. Selected wiring tables, which an. very helpful, are also bielmled. Among the
Subjects treated ore t '..11-lriel inn. I l|.eratlnil. ami I nsmllnl inn of Telephone lnstrn-
menu: Inspection and Maintenance of Telephone I ji-niiii;. in -. Telephone I. in"
WlrinsT; Ti^llnH Teleiilione Lin- Wii-.-s i,n.l ( , :,l,|.:-. u i: Li.lt mnl Mpcn.Hnn of Special
Tel. phone Syp terns, etc. See. .111! 1 .iin',11. eiilniK. .1 iniif 11 1 -e.|. Tin 1 MKi-s. ISO Illus-
trations. Price $I.0O

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY SIMPLY EXPLAINED. By
Alfiikd P. Morgan.

Thl« Is undoubtedly one of the most completi

subject ever published, and a close study of Its r _„_

details of the wireless transmission of mi-s>iagis. The author has filled

want and has eii i-dcd in furnish lug a lucid, comprehensible explanation In ilmpla

language of the theory and practice of wireless telegraphy and telephony.

"ie contents are: Introductory: Wlrelesa Transmission and Reception — Th»

Among the contents arer I- ■iisi,l It.yeptlon — Tho

Aerial System. Knrtli ( ..1.1,1 n ii.n-. I'lie Tmn-imlttinH Apparatus. Hpark Colls and
Transformers. Coiiilensers, Ilellxes. Siiark t.aiw. Anchor (Japs, Aerial Switches — Ths

us. Detectors, etc. Tun Inn and [.'oupllnn. Tuning Coils. Loose

t'ondei.s.Tv liii-i.-iiie Wave Systems — Miscellaneous Apparatus

Telephone Receivers. Kanue of siutlmis. Sialic Jm.-rference — Wireless Telepbona

*llaneuus Apparat.w.

.. . Wireless T-l-T

toliadiad Sound \V»v..=. ■fli.- \...-:. -■!■- an. I Kar Wii-.i.-<- 1 . 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 1 ■ ■> 1 > . lb —

._..,l... . 1 :.... 1. ..„:.. 11... . ii-.-.i... 1 -.......: . ■.-,... I .......... ... l....

Are Chanced Into Ulectric Waves — Wireless Tele|iHiin.s The Apparatus — Summnr

1M pages. IS.', eograv ngs. price J1.00

WHAT 19 SAID OF THIS BOOK:
!!TbJ« book should be In both the home and school library." — Th* YouKrf It-"-

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

WRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt.

Show* a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it: where to begin:
what wire to use; how to run it according to Insurance Rules; in fact, just the informa-
tion you need. Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition. . . 25 eeati

FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC,

MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGE-
MENT. By 0. E. Perrigo, M.E.

The only work published that describes the modern machine shop or manufacture*
plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished
product is shipped. By a careful study of its thirty-two chapters the practical man
may economically build, efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine
shop or manufacturing establishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating
the erection of modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganisation of old ona.
or the introduction of modern shop methods, time and cost systems. It is a book
written and illustrated bj* a practical shop man for practical shop men who are too
busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all around book of its
kind ever published. It is a practical book for practical men, from the apprentice in
the shop to the president in the office. It minutely describes and illustrates the most
simple and yet the most efficient time and cost system yet derised. Price . $6.00

FUEL

COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M.

Barr.

This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the
combustion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly
with the conditions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion ofbltuminooj
coals in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers.

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The ar-
rangement of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended
accurate answers, which describe in language, free from technicalities, the several
processes involved in the furnace combustion of American fuels: it clearly states the
essential requisites for perfect combustion, and points out the best methods for furnace
construction for obtaining the greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of
coal. Nearly 360 pages, fully illustrated. Price $1.00

SMOKE PREVENTION AND FUEL ECONOMY. By Booth and Kershaw.

A complete treatise for all interested in smoke prevention and combustion, being
based on the German work of Ernst Schmatolla. out it is more than a mere transla-
tion of the German treatise, much being added. The authors show as briefly as
possible the principles of fuel combustion, the methods which have been and are it

K resent in use, as well as the proper scientific methods for obtaining all the energy
i the coal and burning it without smoke. Considerable space is also given to toe
examination of the waste (rases, and several of the representative English and Amer
lean mechanical stoker and similar appliances are described. The losses carried away
in the waste gases are thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the Appendix, and ab-
stracts are also here given of various patents on combustion apparatus. The book
is complete and contains much of value to all who have charge of large plants. 194
pages. Illustrated. Price S8.50

GAS ENGINES AND GAS

THE GASOLINE ENGINE ON THE FARM : ITS OPERATION, REPAIR AND

USES. By Xexo W. Putnam.

This is a practical treatise on the Gasoline and Kerosene Engine intended for the man
who wants to know just how to manage his engine and how to apply it to all kinds of
farm work to the best advantage.

This book abounds with hints and helps for the farm and suggestions for the home
and housewife. Tin re is so much of value in this book, that it is impossible to ade-
quately describe it in such small space. Suffice to say that it is the kind of a book
every farmer will appreciate and every farm home ought to have. Includes selecting
the most suitable engine for farm work, its most convenient and efficient installation,
with chapters on troubles, their remedies, and how to avoid them. The care and
management of the farm tractor in plowing, harrowing, harvesting and road grading
are fully covered : also plain directions are given for handling the tractor on the road.
Special'at tent ion is given to relieving farm life of its drudgery by applying power to
the disagreeable small tasks which must otherwise be done by hand. Many hom«-
made contrixanres for cutting wood, supplying kitchen, garden, and barn with water,
loading, hauling and unloading hay. delivering grain to the bins or the feed trough
are included: also full directions for making the engine milk the cows, churn, wash,
sweep the house and clean the windows, etc. Very fully illustrated with drawings of
working parts and cuts showing Stationary. Portable and Tractor Engines doing all
kin (is of farm work. AW money -maVrtwv; tarvus \\W\Via \*ywer. Learn now to utilize
powtT by reading the pages ot \\i\a \>ooYl. Y\. Ya wa. *\& \*> \X\s> WBvato, ^\,\ast , Vopraluahta

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

can apply |prn.-tt."ii knouli .]f .,i si, ni,r\ g lim on mm ■• or (tus i ii.iiors to inlvu.

lage. £30 page*. Nearly ISOongravlngs. Price S2.00

WHAT 19 SAID OF THIS BOOK:
"Am much pleased with Illy book mul Hint II In be very complete and iip-'o-dBt*.
I will heartily recommend ii to stud-nts uii<I l*rmiT« uiioui I itiluk would stand In

need of such a work, as I think il. Li ,111 exceptionally g 1 one. V > (lanlmrr.

Prof. In Charge, ciiiumpii Age. College of S. (.'.. Dept, of Agrl, and Agrl. Kip. Station.

(to™ College. S. C.

•' [ feel that Mr. Pin 11:1 in's Is ink num ilic main point* which 11 farmer should know."

~R. T. Burdick. Instructor in Ann ny. Lntvcrsity of Vermont. Ilurllngton. Vl.

"It will be a valuable addition 10 our library Upon Farm Mm-lilneri ' — Jama A.
Farm. InsL. in Agrl. Kukih -intt. Mar.- I nil .'isit> ui ki , !.• yingion. Ky.

°-^.SOLINE ENGINES: THEIR OPERATION, USE AND CARE. By A. Hyatt
Vbrkill.

1 • j-irelieii-ivn pii|n.it:<r ii-iirk jiiiiiii-ln-i I .111 fiasollno

- '••■■onstructloii and i>i>iTiiiiini: bow

:o remedy troubles encountered.

Intended for uwneis. operators arid I'm of Gasoline Motor* of all kinds. Thto
work fully describes and 1)1 11*1 rail's the various types of 'lasollne Engines used in
Motor Foam. Motor Vehicles and Mini iimarv Murk. The purl*. KP.Murit* and
appliances are described, with chapters on ignliloii. fuel. I. ihrif.it Ion, oil, ration and
engine troubles. Special attention Is (riven 10 tlie care, u^.-rm i-m mid repair of molon,
with useful taint* and suggestions on emergency repairs nnd makeshifts. A complete
glossary of technical terms mid mi uliihalietifally arranged table o( troubles and lhe*r
symptoms form moat valuable and unique features of Una innmial. Hi arly every
IN ust rai ton In 1 In- ln-ik i' in in in nl h n iug iieen made by the author. Ever; page la
full of Interest and value. A hook which you cannot afford tube without, UTSnagesu
153 apechtlly made- engravings. {Ste page t6 for full deacnpltan.) Price . . 91. 00
■ -AS, GASOLINE AND OIL ENGINES, llv llAHDNtB D. HlBCOX. Revisprl

By Victor W. Pao*.

Juat Issued. Itil'i nvl-e.i mi. 1 enlarged edition. v:ieri u-er uf 11 gas engine

neeils tills lunik. Nltti[ili\ hi-trnrllv.- .111. 1 1-iglit ii|i In .lute. Tin- ..nlv 1 ..mi-l'-ie

work on (In* sni.je..|. Tells nil 111 1 loi.Tnnl ■- |p>i-.ri..i. .-iinln.-ei-lu..-. Ireiiilnn

iilslhelv on tile design. ■

1- .y-teill.. -Ilrh il. III'. I llJlioll. liirlilllel

>.>.- 1, 1. -...) mid iiiiiiiiiiieiiient of nil forms i.i" i-tpiosh
iniirliie i>..rk. , int.. mo Ml—, iot. .plain's .nnl mnl.ir ry.

liming to do h

4.'!.-, engraving-.." i'-rlc.'!"'" ."."*. '.'"."'""."' ."". '." !""? l . l ""^" l '" U ' NatSSiSfi

^3AS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, OR HOW TO BUILD A HALF-HORSE-
POWER GAS ENGINE. By Parheli, and Wei

s Kngini

if 300 pages describing Hie theory and principles of the

■ .■'■ . .1 I n.fl.". l..fftli. r u ui t!

i''.l''u*

niii.'iir uieeliiiiilc. Tills lionl; treat- oT t lie ;iil,ject
more from tin- si,.,. [00! in- 1 li-.n t lint of theory . The principle of operation
of fias Engine* are clearly mid ■■iir.j.lj 'lfsiTi!.,-d.aud Mi. 11 He- tic 'mil i-.itisi ruction of a
half-lioi'se power engine Is taken ii|. -ii.-n l.y st.-p. nln.uitii.' hi detail the muklim oft ha
Ga» Engine. 3d Edition, ado panes. Price $2.60

MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS PLANTS. By R. E. M.vraoT.

A guide for the gas. engine dcsimicr. user. diiiI engineer In Ihe construe! Ion. selection,
purcliase. iiisi.ill.iti..ii ..|..-..ii..u. ii 11 1.) mum ten mice of jibs engines. More ttian cms

fleldcovereil by thisispok. Above all Mr. Matbot's work is a practical guide. Ilvco*-

i-oliime that would a

thoroughly the motor upon which I .|.eii.!s f..i 11..11 .1 I In ;nirli..r liii. . M .-. . 1 1 his

subject wltliiiul. the help of any mathematics and witlioui , 11,1,1,11,1,. 1 u, ,,r,i i. ,| ci-
planaliom. Every part of the gas engine is rie-srllied In detail, terselv. clearh with

■ (borough ,:■ of tin- reiinin mi-tits of the m. .'Iimiir H.l[,iiil .-i^ t -,s'i.,[n

at to the purchase ..I an engine, ii- insti.ll.ii Ion. .■;.:... ..r... o|»-ratiiiii. form .1 nn.-t
valuable feature of the work. 'SM pages. 1 , .. d.iiiili .1 il lustra I ions. Price . f 3.60

THE MODERN GAS TRACTOR. By Victor W. Page.

A complete I remise di-. Tilling nil types am I -iies.-,f gnsolluc kerosene and oil rracuira
Consiilp-ts de.ij.-o i,ii.| .T.ii...ii,i ion ..i|.,,H ,v.ii giu-s com|il.-ie iu-tnuiions for care'

operation Hint re|wlr. -.iitlines ..II niaine.d .,|>j,lir-.,r Ion- 0,1 11,,. r.pji.l anil in rt',-l,i'

ThelKistand latest work on farm tractors and tractor power plant. \ work needed

udelils. Iiliii-k»miili-'. , -h.nii,... -ui..- 1. i. ui. F.- 111. ui iIimIi ri .l.-if rnT5

SOU pages. Nearly iJUU UluatrUlau imd folding plates. Prl.e Jii.00

JUST PU B LISHED

GASOLINE ENGINES

Their Operation, Use and Care.

By A. HYATT VERRILL,

The Simplest, Latest and Host Comprehensive
Popular work published on Gasoline Engines

■::.-. (S 1 1) PAGES. 1.1 : I i.i.i - i i:atih\ -

PRICE. SI.QO

This book describes what the Gasoline Engine Is ; Its construction sad
operation; how to Install It; bow to select It; how to use It and how 10
remedy troubles encountered. Intended lor Owners, Operator and User*
of Ossollne Motors of all kinds.

A complete glossary of technical terma and an alphabetically arranged
table of troubles and their symptoms form most valuable and unique feature)
of this manual. Nearly every illustration in the book is original, having been
made by the author. Every page is full of interest and value. A book which
you cannot afford to be without.

CONTAINS 5PBCIAL CHAPTERS ON

Tvpes of Motors— Operati on of Twoj^cle Motor— Operat loo of Pour-evele Motor— Virioni
I j- .;■■..'.. .M.iLr'- i!iil In: mi ill IV n n. \r ^Iiitor 1 — I hrri'.|.HHi Motors— Ct-.m>HBattoh loil J-'™(
pari Motors— Open -ba*c nd Diatributor-sTSlsi Motor*— tfattla .■..-..■ vcle Moton—

Various Forms. Designs, and Variations of Poor-cycle Motor*- Valves be ' "
— valve Mechanism* sn.l Motions— Aulomalic and Mechanically operated V

thu

..,:!>■„■

___. -IMS 1

sontal Molors— Parts of Two-cycle Motora-Parts of Four..,—

Con^truclion of Motor Pant— Cylinder!, Plslons. Cronk am Mings. Pins, jacket* shafts
Con oec tinj-rods. Bearings. Cams and Gear*— Cooling Methods— Water and Air-cooled System!
—Motor Accessories— Vsuoriicr* and Carbnreton — Pumps, Fans aod Water Circulation-
Lubtication— Gravity and Korce-feerl Oiler, Grease Cups and oiling Methods— Principle* of
Electrical lgni I ion— Dynamos and Magnetos— High nod Low-tension Msgnetoa-The Win
Igniter— Spark Coils— spatk Plug*— Vibraiors— Timers— The Delco System— Moke-and-breil
Ignition— Igniters — Operation of lenders — Companion of Make-and-tireak and Jnmp Spark-
Altering Mske-and break to Jump Spark —Muffler* and Exhaust Devices — Governors— Pur!
and Fuel Consumption— Oils and Grease*— Installation— Plptnf ml TTtllna nasa* It is.!
Picking!!— Adjustment*— General Care of Motors-Table uf Hotot Trout. k- with CauaesioJ
Remedies— Tools- Emergency Repaira and Makeshift*— Griadiu Compound*. Polishes
Enamels, paints. etc-Carbon Rem-v- u tv = «mit»— Aot^-free»«^:

Va*u"^of, Fuels-Size and Capacity of Tanks-Iron Pipe Tableau, s Standard Screw
Tares'!*— Cap-Screw Sizes— Drills for screw Holes— surface and Volume Tables.

MOTORCTCLES,"siDECARs"and CYCLECARS

Their Construction, Management and Repair
By VICTOR W. PAGl

Author of "The Modern Oasoline Automobile," Etc., BtU.
Contains over 350 Illustrations showing the most valuable series of drawings per-
taining to motorcycle design and construction ever published.

550 RAGES PRICE St. 50

The material contained within the piigys of this hook is of a practical
thut can easily he assimilated and understood hy anyone. The instructiua-
~-en for control, main to na nee and repair will lie valuable for Iht

■r, while the discussions of mi'iAv-mii-iA \iriw\\AK vail undoubtedly* a
if wvrt) experienced riders, deuAers and. «\\w£s \\\ Wio Vta&fi.

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

GEARING AND CAMS
BEVEL GEAR TABLES. By D. Ac. E.vostrom.

A book that Hill at once commend itself to mechanics and draftsmen. Dons awsy
with all the trigonometry and fancy figuring on bevel guars. and makes It MM? f<ir any-
one to lay them out or make them Just right. Tfasra are H rull-page tables that
allow eicry necessary dimension for all -i. ■ iMd No
puzzling, figuring or guessing. Gives placing distance', all the angles (Including
cutting angles), and aba comet cotter 10 use-. A copy of this prepares you for any-
thing id the bevel-gear line. 3d Edition. 06 pages. S 1.00

CHANGE GEAR DEVICES. By Oscar E. Perrigo.

A practical book for every designer, draftsman, and mechanic Interested In the Inven-
tion and development oft lie .1 B1 nes requir-
ing such mechanism. Alltheie.

classified, sifted, and concentrated for the us*- of busy men who have not the 1 5 m . ■ to
go through the masses of irrelevant matter with which such a subject is usually
encumbered and select s nebcin formal ion as will be useful to them.
It shows just what has been done, how It has been done, when it was done, and who
did It. It, saves time in hunting up patent records and re-inventing old Ideas. U
pages $1.00

DRAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis RounxiON.

The laying out of cams is a sarious problem unless V'"i know how to go at It right.
This puts you on the right road for practically am kind nf cam you are likely to run
up against. 3d Edition. 86 cant*

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox.

A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for alt purposes. Including
rhe measurement of streams, the (low of wati-r In pipes or conduits, the lioi-ite-powor
of falling water, turbine and impact water-wheels, wave minors, centrifugal, reclpro-
caling. and air-lift pumps. With SOU figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables.
All who are interested In water-works development will find this look a useful oas\
because it Is an enlirolv praeiieal <r. atise upon a subject or present importance, and
rannot fsilln having n far-reaching influence, und fur r'li-- r.imi!i should have a pliix
in the working llbrarv of every engineer. Among the subjects treated are: Historical
Hydraulics, Properties of Water. Measurement r>! the Flow of Stream*: Flow
from Sub-surface Orifices anil VoMlts: Flow or Water in Pii.es: Siphons of I'uri ■> ..i
Kinds: Dams and Great Storage Ke-.-rvoirs ; City and Tov,ti Water Supply; Weill
and Their Reinforcement; Air Lift Melhods of Raising Wafer; Arlesls.0 WelLa;
Irrigation of Arid Districts: Wane lVu-i-r: Water Wheels: Pumps and Pumping
Machinery; Reclprocatiug Pumps: Hydraulic Power Transmission; Hydraulic
Mining: Canals; Ditches; Conduits and Pipe Lines; Marino Hydraulics; Tidal and
Bea Wave Power, otc 320 pages. Prira S4.00

ICE AND REFRIGERATION

POCKET-BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAKING. By A. J. IVaHJS-
Tatlos.

Tills Is one of the latest and most eomprehonsiio reference books published o:

F'jhj.ft i if refrigcrntinii an 'I col, I st.ir:utc 1 1 cs plains Hie prop, rlics and rclrigorai in;
effect of the dirfen-iiT tliiiii- in ii--.- the management of reirigerol big machinery, and (ii >
i 'instruction and Insulation of cold rooms wi'li their required pipe surface for dllfervn-.

». .. : freezing mixtures, and tioti-lr. ■■.-.In is brines. lempi-rmiiros of ■ ■■ ■ I ■ 1 .
for all kinds of provisions, cold-storage charges for all classes of goods, ice making am!
itnragonf Ice. data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineer-,
with nearly one hundred tables emit a i limit valuable references to every Tact and eon-
i: n required in the Installment an,[ op, rai i 1 :i refrigerating plant.
(.-,th Liiltlou. revised.) Price

INVENTIONS—PATENTS

INVENTORS' MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY.

This Is a book design''! as a guide to Itm-ninr* lii pcrlectlng lie
( ut their patents and dispo-in- of i ln'tu. It is not In at"- — "
I i.',lr.:ii,,r:, i'iit.-n' lirul,. r \lciri isemenl. Noad>"i
appear in ilie work It is a book containing a gut"
successful Inventor, together with note* ba-
it the subjects treated In this work aw

I- ■ ■■■!►■. Vi.l' ■■ i. I lm-liriot) ll

at Capital. How to F.stlmate tl
alue of Foreign Patents. Value of Small

rlvlce, oil till' Formation of M<" k i

lability Companies. ' '

In Selling Agents.
Population. Rev

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

KNOTS

KNOTS, SPLICES AND ROPE WORK. By A. Hyatt Verrilu

This is a practical book Riving complete and simple directions for making all the most
useful and ornamental knots in common use. with chapters on Splicing. Pointing.
Seizing, Serving, etc. This book is fully illustrated with one hundred and fifty
original engravings, which show how each knot, tie or splice is formed, and its appear-
ance when finished. The book will be found of the greatest value to Campers. Yachts-
men, Travelers. Boy Scouts, in fact, to anyone having occasion to use or handle rope
or knots for any purpose. The book is thoroughly reliable and practical, and is not
only a guide but a teacher. It is the standard work on the subject. Among the
contents are: 1. Cordage. Kinds of Rope. Construction of Rope. Parts of Rope
Cable and Bolt Rope. Strength of Rope, Weight of Rope. 2. Simple Knots and
Bends. Terms Used in Handling Rope. Seizing Rope. 3. Ties and Hitches. 4.
Noose. Loops and Mooring Knots. 5. Shortenings. Grommets and Salvages. 6.
Lashings. Seizings and Splices. 7. Fancy Knots and Rope Work. 128 pages. 150
original engravings. Prico 60 eestf»

LATHE WORK

LATHE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION, WITH PRACTICAL

EXAMPLES OF LATHE WORK. By Oscar E. Perricjo.

A new revised edition, and the only complete American work on the subject
written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who als»
knows how to do it, and how to convey this knowledge to others. It is strMly
up-to-date in its descriptions and Illustrations. Lathe history and the relations
of the lathe to manufacturing are given : also a description of the various devio**
for feeds and thread cutting mechanisms from early efforts in this direction t«>
the present time. Lathe design is thoroughly discussed, including back geartn?.
driving cones, thread-cutting gears, and all the essential elements of the modern
lathe: The classification of lathes is taken up, giving the essential differences of
the several types of lathes. Including, as is usually understood, engine latbes.
bench lathes, speed lathes, forge lathes, gap lathes, pulley lathes, forming lattn**.
multiple-spindle lathes, rapid-reduction lathes, precision lathes, turret lathes
special lathes, electrically-driven lathes, etc. In addition to the complete exposi-
tion on construction and design, much practical matter on lathe Installation,
care and operation has been incorporated in the enlarged 1915 edition. All
kinds of lathe attachments for drilling, milling, etc.. are described and complete
instructions are given to enable tb«> novice machinist to grasp the art of lathe
operation as well as the principles Involved in design. A number of difficult
machining operations are described at length and illustrated. The new edition
has nearly 500 pages and .'150 illustrations. Price $2.50

RACTICAL METAL TURNING. By Joseph G. Horner.

This important and practical subject is treated in a full and exhaustive manner, and
nothing of importance is omitted. The principles and practice and all the diiT»rent
branches of Turning are considered and well illustrated. All the different kinds of
Chucks of usual forms, as well as some unusual kinds, are shown. A feature of the
book is the important section devoted to modern Turret practice; Boring is another
subject which Is treated fully; and the chapter on Tool Holders illustrates a Urge
number of representative types. Thread Cutting is treated at reasonable length;
and the last chapter contains a good deal of information relating to the High-Speed
Steels and their work. The numerous tools used by machinists are illustrated, and
also the adjuncts of the lathe. In fact, the entire subject is treated in such a thorough
manner as to make this book the standard one on the subject. It is indispensable
to the manager, engineer, and machinist as well as to the student, amateur, and
experimental man who desires to keep up-to-date. 400 pages, fully illustrated.
Price $3.50

1URNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Colvin.

There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has
to do with the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the
lathe, what tools to use and how to use them, and forty and one other little things
that you should know. Fourth edition 25 cenU

LIQUID AIR

UQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. O'Conor Sloantu

This book gives the history of the theory, discovery, and manufacture of Liquid Air,
and contains an Illustrated description of all the experiments that have excit+nl the
wonder of audiences all over the country. It shows how liquid air. like water, is
carried hundreds of miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be ex-
pected from it in the near future.

A book that renders simple one of the most perplexing chemical problems of the
century. Startling developments illustrated by actual experiments.

It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended for the general
reader, being written in a popular s\yYe — easily understood by every one. Second
edition. 365 pages. Price * * t&OO

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

A-Ust-BBAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blacxaia.

This book is a standard text book, li covers the Wi-sihi^tinusc Alr-Bruke Equipment.

Including Tin- N". --' i ' In." V.i. i. !■:. T. Locomotive tlrake hinjijiri|.-:n tlv K jljulck-

Bervlce) Triple Valve fur Freight Service; uml tin- Cru-.s-Ciiiniioiinil L'oup The
operation .ii nil pirt.i nT 'Ji«' apparatus is explained In detail. Li I id a practical «iv of
finding their peculiarities uml defects, with a limner n-nwlv Is otvi.fi It nuitai
2.O0O quesliiras with I heir answers, wtiicli
examination nil the subject of Air Brakes.
ora and examiners cm nearly every railroad
pages, fully Illustrated with colored plates

AMERICAN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES. By Fbed. H. CoLVif
Tbe only hook on compounds for the i
Tactical way ihe various features of CC—.—
e made, what to do when ibev break down

A Bit of History. Theory of Compounding Stum Cyllmii

Compound. Pittsburg T«o-c i limlcr t'imipound. Khod<

racind Compound, Rogers Compound. Ejchenertadi Two-Cylinder Compound,

Vauclain Compound. Tantl Compounds. Baldwin Tandem. The Col vin- Wight-

Compound. Rogers t umpound. Sclienei Is Tim-i "vlimi.-r i '..in in i in. I

■ i UQ d. Tju'I'jii CiinitHiunds. Baldwin Tandem The Co' '

Schenceiiidv l~-. n. l.-ii-i Italanrcij L.n notlvm. Baldwi

■ inMiii nans for Balancing Locating Blows. Break-downs. BedUeiug i»i«™.

Drifting. Vaivo Motion. Disconnecting. Po»er of Compound 1 omotivea. Practi-
cal Ni ires.

Fully illustrated and containing Ten special '■ n mil one" inserts on heavy Plate Paper.
showing differcnUypea of Compounds. 112 page*. Price JJ1.0O

A practical hook which cannoi !«■ r num ini.vi too highly to those motive-power meo

who are anxious to maintain Hie highest efficiency in itielr h mi it Ives. Contains

i-l'iiiiil el iin in ui'rail I lliidih --i.ptTle-aled steam. ^ii[nrlie»(,-d .Itram

and the Two-Cylinder Simple Fngine: Compounding ami Superheating: I.'esigtn ■■<
Locomotive Superheaters Cniimriici ice I), uis of I. ■■•!••• ii mi in-* using Highly •'Uff-r-
hcnled Steam. Experimental ami Working Results. Illustrated niili folding plates
and tables. Price 12. SO

COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Ww.

t\l. Bark.
This book has been prepared wlili special reference to the generation of heat by the
combustion of file mimnim fuels found in ihe L' lilted stales, and deals p:ir: t.'iiharly
with the conditions necessary to the economic and - |. ... . .>■, oi ,r hlrumiaoua
coal in Stationary and Locomotive Steam Boilers.
Tbe presentation of lids important sutijeci is systematic and progressive. Tho

e furnace com bus i ion , ,f \ iu< rier.ri tu. I- ■ it ,1,-jrlv states t.ba

■-■' cumbustioi I p ■. ■ i n ■ ■ " ii i lie lie- 1 im-i linds of furnace

coal. Nearly 360 pagos, fully I

DIARY OF A ROUND-HOUSE FOREMAN. By T. 8. Re.lly.

This Is the greatest hook of railroad experiences ever published. Containing a fund of

Informal ion anil -i;;;c. -i |. .n- ;,l..nu- ' 1 li - I trie i if ! lliuc ite-ti. organizing, eie.. <l; ,r .,.;..

cannot afford to miss. 17i> pages. Price $1.00

MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By Fred H. Colvtn, Asso-
ciate LAiitor of American Machinist.
A handy book for the engineer or machinist, that clean up Ihe mvaterles of valve

—■•lug. Shows the dim-rent valve gears in use. hiov I liev work, and why. Piston

(lide valves or different types tire III u-t mini and explained. A hook that every

railroad man in the tie -lit •• p»-n . r d'-parl ruent ought ti> have. Contain- chapters on
Lnmnvilive Link Morion, \al.e Moionc-rir- Setting slide \ik«. ■Analysts hy
Dntiami, Mtxlrrti Practice Slip of Block "tilde Vah. - Piston Valves. Setting Pisijjn
Valves .ley-Allen Valve He.tr. Walselrnert Valve Hear. Cooch Valve Clear. AI(r-«-
Hubbell Valve Clear, etc.. etc. Fully illustrated. Price 60 i-mii

1 aider is taken u |> 111 the order In

all types of Imllers used- gives . let ails of o

rivellng. pumnes and dies work rlone per day. allowance for liendina and
■born, and other data. Including tlte r.tvtr l.oiojiiotive Boiler lirspec"'
and Eiammalioti urn -'ion- neit rl,elr iiiiswer- lor lomrnment inspectors.

— — on Laving nut Work: Flanging and Porcine: Punrhlng: •"--
i ten. :,.l Tahle-: f'ini.'-hing Ci.rr--. Mending: Marblnerv

._. _>e tails. RmolHi Box Details; Assembling and Cal"
Machinery,

CATALOGUE

OF GOOD

PRACTICAL BOOKS

There tail

■

a man who has nnylhluK to il
t need tin* book. The Him

with toiler work, either new or repair wnrfc
icturer. ■uparialaidtat, Ian nun. and 1 ■.■»
type of toller, yon II find » mint nr lni-<in»-
>Ter 400 pages, live large folding MlIM

LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND THEIR REMEDIES. By Geo. L. Fowleil
Revised by Wat. W. Wuod, Airbrake Instructor. Jusii issued. Kevin*]
jsjeket edition.

It is out of tin' < i in -Moii tn try UK) t' II you about every subject (hat It covered In tali
jHM-ki-I i-.llli.iii ■■! Loome-tiic lircakilowns.

<_.nes, troubles that could incur, but tint you had never thought about, and ftw «
And that they are all treated with the very best methods of repair. WaJsctna
Locomotive Wive l.eir Troubles, Electric I (cad light Trouble*, a* well as yueMiea.
and Answers on the Air lti-.il..- ;.■■■ ul! iurluded. 2-.M puses. 7th lieiiwl Edhm
Fully Illustrated »1.00

LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. By Robeht Griushaw.

The revised edition of "Locomotive Catechism. ' by Robert Grtmihaw, ba New Book

from Cover to Cover. It contains twice as many page* and double the n" 1 " 1 — rt

is of previous edition- I nctudc* the greatest amount of practical

published on toe eosatructl ■■. i I til or modern loo

published on the construction and management of modern tocomoUvM
Prepared Chapter! on the Walachacrt Locomotive Valve Gear, the Al-

ike kouipnu.

.. i-ommend* Itaelf at owe to every Engineer and El reman, and to all who ai

forexamlnuti ir promotion, in plain language, with hill ■■ |.i. i.-jn ;wers. noiomi

fell (he iiui'-iii.Tis asked by the examining engineer are given, but those which to*
young and less eiperleneeil would ask the veteran, and wliich old hand* ask as "stt-k-
ers It is ji > erkahle Km-yclup.-dla of tin- l.iicouii.iiic is enilrely free from mathe-
matics, easily understood and thoroughly nii-io-d:iti' ■ 'hum ins ovit -I.i-hi t-'.vkmiuv-
tlon uuestn.us witli their Answers tjj panes. 4J7 illustrations and three folding platei.
2Sth lie vised Edition 12.80

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTOR AND REFERENCE BOOK FOR LOCOMOTTVt
FIREMEN AND ENGINEERS. By Cub. F. Lockilart.

An entirely new book on the Locomotive. It appeals to every railroad man. as II

t- lis hi m how tiling* are dune and the right way to do them. Written by a man »1»

■ -iii. rleOCe, in locomotive shops and on the Toad firing and

tunning. The Information given In tills I i-n be found In any oilier similar

tjealls*. Eight hundred and nflv-onv questions with their answers are Ihcludrd.
• I. !■ v.iil |.i.-.vr sp.sliiili helpi'nl << i hose preparing for examination. Practical
Informstlnn on: The Const rucli in und Din-rat iou ol Locomotives Breakdowns and
their RemedJei Ur Brali and Valve '..ear- I: . i 'i nulled In a

thorough manner. As a book of ri-rervnre ii cannot In- excelled. The honk Is divided
into ill parts, u followi: I. Tin- Fireman s Dulles. 2. tieneral description of the
Locomotive. 3. Breakdowns and their Remedies. 4. Air Brakes. 5. Exirarti

rrotn Standard Kules, 0. Questions for Siam Ion The *S1 questions have been

carefully seli-ctcd and arranged. These i-m it the examinations required by Us
different railroads. 308 pages, sa 111 ustrai ions. Price SI. B0

PREVENTION OF RAILROAD ACCIDENTS, OR SAFETY IN RAILROADING.

By George Bhaoshaw,

This took Is a heart-lo- heart talk -with Railroad Employees, dealing with facts, not

1 !.■ '■:■!' ■ Tul -! us i be uii-li iii id.- r.iul ■■ i ■ i

e-ccur and hew they may In: avoided. Tin- liink Is Illustrated with seven i ■
photosrap i lie and unsafe method! of work. No vistaa-

ary srnrmes. no Ideal pictures. Just plain facts an ' "~
Every raihniul (Tiiplnyii- who reads the book la a

t. .■■ I ■•■!■■, !!■■■. 1 1 t-ii es just tile hiliirin.,1 ,.■-. ulii

many Injuries and deaths. All railroad employee.

and do your part In preventing accidents. LOB pages. Pocket at

TRAIN RDLE EXAMINATIONS MADE EASY. By G. E. Colling wood.

This is the only practical work on train rules in print. Every detail is covered, and
pui/liiu points are explained In simple, comprehensive language, making it a practical
treatise for the Train Dispatcher h.iik-lu.'iiinii. Trainman, and ail others who hin' to
do with Hi. movements of trains. Comidns complete and reliable information of Iho
Standard ('mien! Tmln linh- for single tnvk. Shew* -ilhhI- in Colnr* as used on
the different roads Explains fully the practical application of train orders, giving a
clear and definite understanding of all orders which may lie used. The meaning and
necessity for certain rules are explained In such a manner that the student may krmw
beyond a doubt the rights conferred under any orders he may receive or the action
■..in rules. Vsneiirly all roads rcdnire trainmen to pass regular examina-
tions, a completes*! of emmi null i in-- 1 inns, villi their nnswers. an- Included. These

will enable M.e -■ ,i.|. hi i.. pass (he nsiuired eiamlnailons with cri-dlt to himself and
the mad for which he works. 2oB panes. Fully illustrated with Train fSignals la
Colors. Price S1.2S

THE WALSCHAERT AND OTHER MODERN RADIAL VALVE GEARS FOR
LOCOMOTIVES. By Wu. W. Wo-
lf you would thorough!; nndetsiaw! \U-

^t«S 'v,

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

engine In the mnf!i Hint mil i.nlv mm in .rank in om- direction— and from it build*
up — with lUe render a hcli>— u modern losomotiva equipped Willi the Walsrhaert
Valve Gear, complete. The points discussed are clearly Illustrated; two large folding
plates tint slum i tie positions of the valves of both inside or outside admi:»iun ti ["■. as

1 other parts of the gear when the crank is at nine different point -

-"-■ alliaMe in — ■ ■
ire contai

k la divided Into five general divisions, as follows: 1. Analysis of the gear.

£. Designing and erecting the gear. B, Advantages of the gear. 4. Queations anil
answers rrlatiiiK to the Wslscliuert Valve Gear. 5. Setting valves with the Wal-
•rbaert Valve Gear; the three primary typei of locomotives valve motion; mod-rn
radial valve gears other Than iln- Walschaert; 'Be Hobart All-free Valve and Valvo
Gear, with questions and answer-* un breakdowns: the Baker- Pll Hod Valve Gear: tha
d Baker-Pf- • ■

ir-Pllllod Valve Gear, with luestlons and answers on breakdowns
The questions wiih full answers Riven will be especially valuable to firemen and engi-
neers In preparing rot an examination for promotion. 21^ pi'.*. Third lie vised.
Edition. Price St. 60

•WESTINGHODSE E-T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET BOOK. Br
Wii. W, Wood, Air-Brake Instructor.

Here Is a book for the railroad man. and the man who aims to be one. It Is without
dim In ilif nil'- complete work published on the Wostingbouae E-T Locomotive Uraks
Equipment. Written by an Air Brake Instructor who knows Just what Is needed. It
Covers tie- mi!ih-ii ■. 1 1 1, mi if til j I'mti i In iii; .ilniui the New Wrsilnghouse Engine and

Tender Kr.iko Ivmipimni . hiding ih» Standard N'o. 5 and the Perfected No. rt

ctvleof brake. Is treated in derail Written in plain English and profusely illustrated
with Coiurell Plates. » hirh erniljle one In I rni-e I he flint ii] pressures throughout ths
entire equipment. The best imok ever published on the Air Brake. Equally good for
lie beginner vnd the nil i nm-.-d en fine. t. W ill pass an; one through any examination.
It Ind.! in- urn! enlightens .-mi on every point. Indispensable to every engine man and

.nswers on the E-T equipment, Covering what
operated. What to do when defective. Not a

in up Tor promotion, on either the No. S or tba
;ed and answered In the l»«>k. ir yon want to

~ "'H

SuestUin can lie usk*'d of the eiiuhieui.'ii up l-r prom.d i.ni. on either the
ip 6 E-T equl

MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE

AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTURING.
By J. V. Woodworth.

A "shoppy" book, containing no theorizing, tin problematical or experimental device*.
there are no badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a
valuable collection nt drawings ami doscrlptli mi of devices. I lie rich fruits of the author s
I *n t-xiHTlence. In Its 500-odd pages Lhe one subject only, Tool Making, and what-
ever relates therein, is deali with The work stands without a rival. It Is * complete
practical treatise on the art of American Tool Making and system of interchangeable
..-,.: .,i i.i -',■.■ ■ ■;,; li.il mi to-diiv Iii the [Tiit.-d states. In it are described and
illustrated all of the different types and classes of small tools, futures, devices, and
special appliances which are in general use in all machine-manufacturing and metal-
working establishments * here economy, capacity, and intcrchangeabllity In the pi

■'.'.'-I inn (>:' ell hied n. t:d purt- :n-" impel utii ,-. Tin- -i-iei !■■■.■ of If Linking Is exhaust -

-■---"Tcusaed, and particular :>t rent i.>n i- pui.l in .ir ill jigs imring uroilling and milling
. i ■■ i.,i- devices in which I lie part < lo lie umehined are located and fastened

within the cunt rivn lies. All of tie- tools, Hitiires and devices Illustrated and de-
scribed have been or are used for the actual production of work, such as parts of drill
■ , ..hin.Ti . 1 1 1 1. -ii rii, r-. oleei ri.-i. 1 uppnrai i:- mechanical ap-
pliances, brass goods. composition parts, mould pr-- ■,.•■-.:■•••■ ■ . : artlch-s drop
'-'- -trills, etc. E31 pages. Price .... $4.00

forgings. jewelry, watches

HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED
TRADES. Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I., M.E.

Tiii' s-t or five volume! contains about 1,500 pages with thousands of [1 lustrations,
icludlng diagrammatic ton I ... -. i miinl dr:m inf- v> i r i i foil • \planatory details. This
ork covers tbe entire practlceof Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known

.iperta in all branches of iiifitui rliif h;iv.- . -. . 1 1 1 ri I ■ 1 1 1 . -. I to

peril* Is admirably well adapted to the n.-.-ds of the li.finti. r and the self-taught

Eactical man. as well as the nieclmnlcul engineer, designer, draftsman, (bop super-
tendent. foreman, and machinist. The work will lie found a m

zreasive man. It Is on rye In p. -di.- in {n-. tin. ioi.fi

■n lerlttilcul subjects simple ami clear in its dcsorlptfi

r technical!!!!-"! or fonuiilie. The articles are as brief aa may be .

live a reasonably clear and explicit statement of the subject, and are written br a
who have hiel iiitiTde prio-tieid .-\|i. i

all you want to k

f, that one cann.
16.00 per vol

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

THE WHOLE FIELD OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS
COVERED BY MR. HISCOX'S TWO BOOKS

We publish two books by Gardner D. Hiscoz that trill keep you from " inventing" things
that have been done before, and suggest ways of doing things that you have not thought of
before. Many a man spends time and money, pondering over some mechanical problem,
only to learn, after he has solved the problem, that the same thing has been accomplished
and put in practice by others long before. Time and money spent in an effort to acnm-
plish what has already been accomplished are time and money LOST. The wholt field
of mechanics, every known mechanical movement, and practically every device is covered
by these two books. If the thing you want has been invented, it is illustrated in them. If
it hasn't been invented, then you'll find in them the nearest things to what you want, smt
movements or devices that will apply in your case, perhaps; or which will give you a key
from which to work. No book or set of books ever published is of more real value to the
Inventor, Draftsman, or practical Mechanic than the two volumes described below.

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DEVICES. By Gardner D.

Hibcox.

This is a collection of 1 .890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliance!,
accompanied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor,
the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into
eighteen sections or chapters, in which the subject-matter is classified under the follow-
fng heads: Mechanical Powers; Transmission of Power; Measurement of Power.
Steam Power; Air Power Appliances; Electric Power and Construction; Navigation
and Roads; Gearing; Motion and Devices; Controlling Motion; Horologkal;
Minimi; Mill and Factory Appliances: Construction and Devices: Drafting Devicer.
Miscellaneous Devices, etc. 12th edition. 400 octavo pages. Price • . . $2.60

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVELTIES

OF CONSTRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox.

This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the
first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations
and descriptions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and
appliances found in different lines of machinery, each device being shown by a line
drawing with a description showing its working parts and the method of operation.
From the multitude of devices described and illustrated might be mentioned, in
passing, such items as conveyors and elevators. Prony brakes, thermometers, various
types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, evaporators. Corliss and
other valve gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various descriptions, air
ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway lock signals,
car couplers, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy
guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1.000 specially made
engravings. 396 octavo pages. 3rd revised edition. Price $2.50

MACHINE-SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney.

This is an arithmetic of the things you have to do with daily. It tells you plainly
about: how to And areas in figures; now to find surface or volume of balls or sphere;
handy ways for calculating; about compound gearing; cutting screw threads on any
lathe; drilling for taps: speeds of drills; taps, emery wheels, grindstones, milling
cutters, etc. ; all about the Metric system with conversion tables ; properties of metals;
strength of bolts and nuts; decimal equivalent of an inch. All sorts of machine-shop
figuring and 1.001 other things, any one of which ought to be worth more than
the price of this l>ook to you, and it saves you the trouble of bothering the boss. 6th
edition. 131 pages. Price 50 cents

MODERN MACHINE-SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGE-
MENT. By Oscar E. Perrigo.

The only work published that describes the Modern Shop or Manufacturing Plant
from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product
is shipped. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop
buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the Introduction of Modern
Shop Methods, time and cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a prac-
tical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want rarrs.
It is the most complete all-round book of its kind ever published. 400 large quarto
pages. 225 original and specially-made illustrations. Price $5.00

MACHINE-SHOP TOOLS AND SHOP PRACTICE. By W. H. Vandervoort.

A work of 5. r >5 pages and 673 illustrations, describing in every detail the construction,
operation, and manipulation of both hand and machine tools. Includes chapters
on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces: on drills, reamers, taps, and dies: the lathe
and its tools; planers, shapcrs. and their tools: milling machines and cutters: gear
cutters and (tear cutting: drilling machines and drill work; grinding machines and
their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting, and transmission machinery:
useful data and tables. 6th edition. Price $3.00

THE MODERN MACHINIST. By John T. Usher.

This is a book showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings made expressly
for the work, all that is best, most advanced, and of the highest efficiency in modem

2.2

i ii in jiii i - i - inniiir 1 1 r t i hn i>i i mi iiii«i h^hh >

"* * t«W •* aai rm - 1 aaaat mi nil oti arffi pww tdram M aaaay

KiV*7hr**e. * B l m J jto*«- — hfc » »i ^ . ar a ^ aaas?

a* they area! Mwild to * looiai — M. RAdMi npfK SttaVaaara.

MODERN MULING MACHDTJ5: TWITE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION. By 1

the Onfall arfij*> . ■ "?■ '*■ *" "■/* ■■■■ ' *!■■«*

mikkdML fat»fit«ri m iiiiifc^cmi.ftt<*»iM JtAii iCttt

WKl I hi l«l ISII—I I hi J ■! I|l"l 111 - | I !■■!■»■ jll gaTlllll km I [fills III

<srcf idly daicr***. in rietn* ■! ibb na n l b - ad fend* ihiimii art Hi I. uU
TtkiiMiml w rf ii Ji li l I 'MM li M M t iil^Mi M l TPW lifU ii i iintili The
bm*l»llw Wni«L>j il I — r« rjadnaaaad an natnnb*BC*. JNmk MAW
iratioan. Prtr* M.00

« SHOP KEfTS." By Rokkt GnBUV.

A bank of *» pages and XZI amuxw. bets* entt-eiy dilnu from My MW
book on innhlai ilnp practice Deiai i en* In* anwiml atyfe. to* soianr
a< old* olinil or 1 '■ aboa aaaer aadibslu Ui aork to sknwrnc •pacta] nn

advanced aa i tanda of ii a miW i rf w —r a MUh a w a w of the a-orid an placed at toe

apprentice <o proprietor. Every ■

edition- Price *x.ch>

THREADS AHD THREAD LUi'lLRG. By Coltis and Stisxl.

Thb dean dp many of the mysteries of iterrad-cuuing. anch at double and trip)*
thread*. Internal threadi. cairn hag threads, oar of bob*, etc Conuiiu a I01 «r useful
hint* aod several tabars Tha-d edition. Price 35 cenu

TOOLS FOR MACHINISTS AHD WOOD WORKERS, INCLUDING mSTSD-
MENTS OF MEASUREMENT. By Josera G. Homes.

The principle* upon which ratlin* (oca* for wood. metal, and other substances are mad*
* aaed by the an-artilalas.. the carpenter, or by any utter skilled
laDy work, aod the object of this book la 1., give a correct aod
of these toot* aa they are commonly designed, couilructed. aad

an. jn/ i~s». iJly Illustrated. Price S3.60

MANUAL TRAINING
ECONOMICS OF MANDAL TRAINING. By Loms Rootluom.

The only book published that give* just the information needed by all Interested bl
Manual Training regarding Buildings. Equipment, and Supplies. Shorn exactly

Shal is needed for all grades of the work from the Kindergarten to the High and
ormal School, "live* Itemized lists of every Thing used in Manual Training Work
and telli jtwt what it ought to cost. Also ahoaa where to buy supplies, etc Contains
171 pages, and is fully ill ultra led. 3d edition. Price SI. 60

MARINE ENGINEERING

I ENGINES AND BOILERS, THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,
By Dh. G. Baler, Lk-i.h: ,-.

Kin I'. ■» if „

■ ] raatfae ambodytna- the Tbsoretl ma

l.iiiclnnarul hnlli-rs. Th»' iwd of -

■ ■ , i ...,.„..
Imi also h> m Tnaaaaaaaaaaami

„,!.,,., v

■ ■
■■....

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

theoretically sound; wtrih ttm

Jilt-* is without reproach Tin

_ jrking drawings, with so rati srdl-

■ I! --it liln.rjiiirirlilli'- l i. ■!■.-. (,1 inMij.iili- 1 .-Ci'-ill'--. Lb H.I In. ill r = . 7 I i |j:il:< -. .,"..1 ill lis-

trations and numerous tables. S9.00 oft

MODERN SUBMARINE CHART.

A cross-section view, showing dearly and distinctly all the interior of a Submirlnt

™ information rroin this chart about the construction

' y otber way. No details omitted — arcrj-

utely correct in every detail, having been

lachinery r— ' "

operation of a submarine than Id any other way. No details omitted — si-err.
g is accurate and lo Kale. It Is ihsolu--'- -

roved by naval engineers. All the mi

ibmarlne Boat are shown, and to make the engraving more readily and. r,i
i. with Officer* and Men Id the act of

inecrs. All the machinery and devices fitted in a n

i.: ill. feat urea are shown In operallvi

forming the duties assigned i ■■ ■ ilinn in I

■- I .' Vil.ul'l-.lli \ r,K ,\ M H_\

irthedutteaaa»lBnedi<>tlirr,,:n -■ n ...-.■. . n < Mr i.,n.:. Til is en a It T 1- KL ii.i.y
N< Yt.LOI'hM A OK A SI H_\IAliINB. Ill"
m coat. Mailed in a lube Tor

• <■ uical production of castings are overcome: and [his great. new limn.-li

trade Is given much space. Stripping plate sind stool pi* "
five vibrator, or rapping plate work, are ill explained in

!i« given, ii I I. tilled ■

■

tiiiptcr nn syiilhetli- iiTwIurt*, * "it'll turn

tit.iiiuit'ic substance* ; their

"/ tin. nil. ;i- iv. II ,i- pr< •!>-*!■ bmnl 'merest, niattsi «it
•Iningifi nm! [ciriini. i.i.iiLiil.i' ini't. >'ut bAbo <A~J»«
cililfotj iFMi.ii .■nliiin.d ;'.r,u uaii.r-, iWntWftU-4. \t\c* .

ORE DEPOSITS, WITH A CHAPTER ON HINTS TO PROSPECTORS. By
J. P. Johnson.

T! deposits »! present known in South

It will materially assist one In

_3 far as simple ores are concerned, should enable oca

or the possibilities nf any he may And.
Among the chanters given are: Titan Iferous and Chromlferous Iron Oxides — ITU sail
— ~obalt— Tin— Molybdenum— Tungsten — Lead — Mercury— An Uraony — Iron
Prospectors S2.00

PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By T. H. Cochin.

A.n Important work, containing 4 as napes and 213 Illustrations, complele with pric-

dctalls, which will intiililveh impart !•■ !■•■ " :.'i- r only ■ general knowledge

.■, ,,„• principles of coil rnirrinn. 'nit also considerable insight into allied subjects.
The treatise is positively up to date in ei . rv instance, and should be in the hands of
ever] colliery engineer. geologist, mine operator. «u|>i-rluicndeui . inreraan, »nrt all
Others who are Interested In or connected with Ihe industry. 2nd tuliUoa. (2. SO

PATTERN MAKING

PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Bab-rows.

This book, now in Its second edition. Is a comprchensivi? and entirety practical ir-atlse

■ instructions on tin- use of plaster of psris In the trade. It. lives
wyaaua «jiu unfiled dcscrlpiluiis ol tin- materials used by pattern makers and de-
•crltg* the tools; both those for the bench and the iiktc Interesting machine loolj;

on the subject of pattern making, Itinerating pattern work In both wood and metal,
and with detlnlie Inst ru.-t ions on the use of plaster of par 1 - '-
" " descriptions of the materials used 1)
. — .h those for the Ih-ih-q and the more interesting n

having complete chapters on the Lathe, the Circular .Saw and the Hand Si

many examples of pattern work, each mn fulh iii-. -:ijii..| unit explained wilb much
detail. These examples. In their great variety. ofTer much that will be found of
interest to all pattern makers, tin.! es|>ecially n> ihe younger onea. who are seeking;
information on the more advanced branches of their trade-
in (his second edition of the work will be found much that Is ne*. even to those w

Machine many difficulties whieh have long prevented the rapid and

, ictlon of castings are overcome; and [his great, new braoe 1 - -*

trade is given much space, stripping plate and si.miI plate work and the It

Plain, everyday rules for lessening the cost of patterns, with a complete system of
cost keeping, a detailed method of marking, applicable to all branches of the trade,
with complete Information showing "but Ihe pattern is. its sptvlnc title, iw cost,
due of production, material of which li Is mode, the number of pieces and core-
bnies. and Its location in the pattern safe, all condensed into a most completo card

PERFI/MEKY

PERFUMES AND THEIR PREPARATION. By G. W. AsKlNSON, Perfumer.
A comprehensive treatise. In which there hns been nothing .inilttc.l tint ™til.l

!.•■ <if value tu 111.- perfi -r ..[ inn until. Hirer .if t ■ .M.-r |in'|ia rati. .US CumpJefe

iir. rtlnii. fur making I IKi r. 1 1 1 ■ ■ f i ■. ■ i i iiTiie., - I llnu: — i J t — _ -u.-liets. fumigating

pastilles: | . r .■ [..i i.i t i - ■ n - f..r I ir.- ■ ■;" -tin. Mi. tli, tin. hair

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

PLUMBING

SCHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLDMBERS. By R. M. SrAttBtrnc.

A concise, comprehensive and practical trerttfBOD i lie subject of mechanical draw
bi Its thIdus modern aiiplicat inns to t tie work of all who are In any way connec

A andK, comprehensive and practical treatise-

In its various modern niipllcii lions to the work ... —

■.,-.,, . .

and workmen u a knowledge of drawing, and

'■ ire ha pa

■traction. ';>.. i : rn, tiiodsin plumhiug/clrawing; plan

workman it Is. ofioestlmable value ir he is to rise above his position to pu-iii.-n

I !■!,-■ ■ I . \

jfl their use: common views

2. Perspective versus milium. -id .1:.. . i i

greater responsibility. Among the chapters contained are: I. Value to plu
k'io* ledge o[ drawing; tools required and their use; common views needed In t
leal draning. 2. Perspective versus medium. -al drawing in showing plumb!

■traction. 3. Correct iiinl Incorrect ax I nod*, in plumbing drawing; plan and el.

explained. 4. Floor and cellar plans and clevo : I
B. I'se of triangles: drawing of III rings, traps, etc. 6. Drawing plumbing elevations
and fittings. 7. Instructions In drawing plumbing usuialauu*. s Tlie drawing of
plumbitjg fHttii' ii ■■■ ■■■ ■ and fittings. 10. Inking

of drawings. 11. Shading of drawings. 12. abiding of drawings. 13. Sectional
drawings; drawing of threads. 14. Plumbing elevations from architect's plan. IS Ele-
.<__.. of separate parts of the plumbing i-j-lent. Ii',. KUialtona from ttie architect's
17. Dniwinr"'''

Pns. 17. DruwiTiusei dei.ii! iilimri'ipinemirieciiiins. is. Arehit-its jilausand plumb-
elevations of residence. 10. I'luniblngelevatinnsof residence icuntinurdK plunib-

lng plans for e..tt :ik .,-. :'iv plumbing >.-lei;,iJ..ns; rmri- ii'Ciiiinv L'l. PI;.-.-. -■.-. :

plumbing elevations forsis-flat building. -.'.'. I j i . ■ i ■ of the plumb-

ing system; use of scales . 2:\. I. «e of architect'* acalaa. 24. Special features In tho
illustrations of country plumbing. 25. Drawing of u roiidii ir- ii piping, valves, radia-
tors, coils, etc. 1*'.'.. Drawing ■-■ E" piping to illustrate lieu ling systems. l.'iU illiisiriti'-n*.

Mm si.io

a been adopted

.'.hof'thw

United State* and Canada.
It gives

Is htipf„ ...

work. It gives the mechanic and student, quick and easy aeee.ss to me Deal nnwern

e limbing practice. Suggestions for estimating plumbing ctwlmctiow are contained
Its pages. This book represents, in a word, the lat.'si mid l*~t up-to-date practice.
and should be In the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who

wishes to keep himself up to the mlnuic on tins uiijs.rriinl t...i ure ol

Contains following chapters., each illustrated with a full-page piste: Kitchen sink,

• ■ . .'■,'■ ..,'.... . . ■ I '■ .■■■.. . . : ■

bathtub, foot and sits bath, shower bath; water chisels, venting of water closets, low.
down water closet*, water closets operated by (lush valves, water closet range: slop sink,

■ ■
'refriii.Tnl. - '■■

■ tciion-: supporting ol -oil pip.-; uuili rrajl hi
r drains, subsoil drainage: water closets and
lections for bathroom*; connections for bath

connections for bathrooms; connections for bath rooms, continued; connections for
bath rooms. continued: connections for bath rooms, continued; examples of (*»*
practice; roughing work rmdy for test ; testing of plumbing system: methyl of con-
tinuous venting; continuous venting for two-floor work: continuous vwitlng for two
lines of Oi tures on three or more Boon: continuous venting of water closets; plum!>.
Ing for cottage bouse: construction for cellar piping: plumbing lor residence, u«e of
special fittings; plumbing for two-flat house; plumbing for apartment building, plumb-
ing for double apartment building;, plumbing forofllce building: iiPimhlrig for public
toilet rooms; plumbing for public toilet rooms, continued; plumbing for bath est *h-
Uabment: plumbing for engine bouse, factory pi

schools, factories, elc : use of flushing waives: urinals for public u.lli t room< i >-n
Durham system, the destruction of pipe* by electrolysis; construction of work without
use of lead: automatic sewage lift; automatic sump tank; country plumbing: coutrur.
Uon of cesspools; septic tank and automatic se wage siphon ; country plumbing, w»i«f
supply fir country house; thawing of water mains and service by elacl i

, I . Ir, ,

boilers; hot water supply or large buildings: automatic control of hot wai-r tank « ..
gestion tor estimating plumbing construction. 40O octavo page*, fully lllumrawi hy
*S full-page engravings. Price M.OO

AHDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. 11. Siaui.i-ck.

•mplete practical treatise of 450 pages covi-rlng the subject of Modern Plumbing
' usee being dewier] to a »twy <■■■■

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

RECIPE BOOK

^— *

HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND
PROCESSES. Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox.

The* most valuable Techno-chcmical Formulae Book published, including over 10,000
e< looted scientific, chemical, technological, and practical recipes and processes.

This is the most complete Book of Formulas ever published, giving thousands of
recipes for the manufacture of valuable articles for everyday use. Hints. Helps.
Practical Ideas, and Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every
branch of the useful arts and tells thousands of ways of making money, and is just the
book everyone should have at his command.

Modern in its treatment of every subject that properly falls within Its scope, the book
may truthfully be said to present the very latest formulas to be found in the arts and
industries, and to retain those processes which long experience has proven worthy of i
permanent record. To present here even a limited number of the subjects which find
a place in this valuable work would be difficult. Suffice to say that In its pages will
be found matter of intense interest and immeasurably practical value to the scientific
amateur and to him who wishes to obtain a knowledge of the many processes used in
the arts, trades and manufactures, a knowledge which will render his pursuits more
instructive and remunerative. Serving as a reference book to the small and large
manufacturer and supplying intelligent seekers with the information necessary to
conduct a process, the work will be found of inestimable worth to the Metallurgist, the
Photographer, the Perfumer, the Painter, the Manufacturer of Glues. Pastes. Cements,
and Mucilages, the Compounder of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician, the Druggist, the
Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman. the Machinist, the Potter, the
Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure, the Manufacturer of Chem-
ical Novelties and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplater. the Enameler. the
Engraver, the Provisioned the Glass Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watchmaker, the
Jeweler, the Hat Maker, the Ink Manufacturer, the Optician, the Farmer, the Dairy-
man, the Paper Maker, the Wood and Metal Worker, the Chandler and Soap Maker,
the Veterinary Surgeon, and the Technologist in general.

A mine of Information, and up-to-date in every respect. A book which win prove of
value to EVERYONE, as it covers every branch of the Useful Arts. Every home
needs this book; every office, every factory, every store, every public and private en-
terprise — EVERYWHERE— should have a copy. 800 pages. Price. . . $8.00
(£kt page St for full description of book.)

WHAT IS SAID OF THIS BOOK:

"Your Twentieth Century Book of Recipes. Formulas and Proc e s se s duly received.
I am glad to have a copy of it. and if I could not replace it, money couldn't buy it. It
Is the best thing of the sort I ever saw." (Signed) M. E. Trux.

Sparta. Wis.
"There are few persons who would not be able to And In the book some single formula
that would repay several times the cost of tho book." — Merchants' Record and Shov
Window.

RUBBER

RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER.

By T. O'Coxor Sloane.

This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the
elements of nearly everything it is necessary to understand for a commencement in
any branch of the India Rubber Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber
Hand Stamps. Small Articles of India Rubber. l T . S. Government Composition. Dating
Hand Stamps, the Manipulation of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons. India Rubber Solu-
tions. Cements. Blackings. Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber
shoes, etc.: the Hcktograph Stump Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short
Account of the Discovery. Collection and Manufacture of India Rubber are set forth
in a manner designed to he readily understood, t he explanations being plain and simp!?.
Including a chapter on Rubber Tin* Making and Vulcanizing: also a chapter on th*
i>«< of rubber in Surgery and Dentistry. Third revised and enlarged edition. 175
I-agi's. Illustrated $1.00

SAWS

SAW rll-ING AND MANAGEMENT OK SAWS. liy Rohkkt (iitiMMt.wv.

A practical hand-book on tiling, gumming, swaging, hammering, and tlio brazing of
band siw>. the speed, work, and power to run circular saws. etc. A handy book' for
!!ii'*v v\ ho have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals
with f hi* proper shape and pitches of saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hin f <
?:nd rul« « for gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to tho<e who u*e su* 4
for any purpose. Complete tables of proper shape, pitch and saw tot»th a< well a*
M/cs- and number of teeth of various saws are included. Third c»ditif>n. re\:^-i an I
enlarged. Illustrated, I'rice S1.0C

2fc

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

STEAM EXGIXKERING

A»«R1CAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. B. Cra-ye.

This Irnok heglns at the boi l er room ami takes in the whole iiowor plant. A plain
'--"- ■ — evory-dsv « iirk a Injur .-mines holler-., urn I their accessories. It Is not Intended
(entitle "

. he -eioniiiio .,r mathematical. All formulas are ii: simple lurm
understanding plain arithmetic can readily utn.1ersiond any of them. The author
ha* made this the mnst practical hook in print; hna given the resulta of his jtirs of
■ iperienee. and has Included about all lhat has to d.. iiitli an engine room or a p..«e-

plant. You are not led n> « .11 11 -iritis point. You are shown clearly wlur ■ 1

t xpcrt under -the various conditions; lion 10 siviuv rhc Ik-si results; ways of prevent -
jiig "shut down!" and repairs: In ahorl . all llix goes to make up the requirement!
1 f a good — l*"—- , capable of Midas charge of a plant. It's plain enough for practical
men and jet of value to those high in the profession.

A partial list of contents Is: The boiler room, cleaning; trailers. Uring. feeding: pump*.

vnlve setting;

dllTervnt tip--- of condenser- 1 r rui'l.'i . I mint- up: ,

troashead or crank; engineers' loots: pistons and piston rings: hearing metal: hard-
ened coppr: drip pipes from oiiind.t- ou-koi ■;: i»li- l»nv made, can of: oils: r~— • --
I '-sting lubricants; rule- arid tallies. Including s"

tafely valves: U.11. lead, ami eiearauc
etc., etc. Second edition, 285 pages.

ESONENT ENGINEERS. By Dwioht Goddard.

Everyone who appreciates the oiTee! of sm-h ureal inventions as the Steam Engine.

Mramboat. I. ...■11111. 11 in-, Selling Machine. S I . . I Workilli; i.lli] ■■! ill T lluldamenla

discoveries is j n • ■■p--— ( -■■ 1 in knowing a little about the men who made them and their
^enlevements.

Mr (ioddarrt has selccird thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed

loost largely (11 I lie ad van feme I ,,i;r clviliz,. r i, .11 l.i mechanical in-ans. lElvinic only

• uch lacts as are of general ini. i.-r mid in a wav which appeals to all. whether
mechanics or not. 28(1 pages. 33 Illustrations. Price ....... Sl.oO

EMGJNE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By Robert Gri

A practical treatise for- 1 he station an engi r telling how lo erect, adjust and run

the principal ileum oniriiie>: in line in the I piled Elates. Describing Hie principal
features of various special and well -known make* of .-tin in. ■■ Temper t 'ut-otT, shipping
Erecting and Starting. Valve Setting. Care and Use,
— -- Special Engines.
The questions disked throughout the catechism are plain and lo the point, and the
answers are given in «m-!i - i :i l 1 »!■ I:>ni:.i.-i.-. a- 1.1 lie readily understood by anyone. All

the Instruel Ion, idi-en an- e pi etc and up-to-date and I hey are written in a popular

nyle. without any technicalities or iiuithematlcnl formulae. The work is of a handy

»*iir Tor I In- pnekoi clearly i.n.l well pri d. nicely hound, and profusely illustrated.
T" young engineers this eatoelij-m u ill he "I great mine, osnerially to tlioso who tnay
l-r preparing to ho forward 10 lie examined l"v cerlitleni.es of competency: and to
.ngTneers generally It will he or in. Utile .ei-viee „. ihey will lln'l In this volume mom
really practical and useful information Hum is to lie found anywhere else within a lik«
curupass. :is7 pages. Seventh i-lltion. Price S2.0O

ENGINE TESTS AND BOILER EFFICIENCIES. By ,1. Btjchetti.

This work fully describes and 11 hurra res tin- met Inn I of lest i mi Hie power of steam

.i... - mr-hiiie-and explosiv otors. The properties of sioatu and the evaporative

.■. ■ 1 ... f|. i - ■ ■■!■■: . 11 ■.: Iitel and e hhiini v dial I : 11 i III form 1 tin- explained ..r

1 Tactically L'otnpiited. a.>.; pap--. IT) HlustrationB S3. 00

HORSEPOWER CHART.

"hows the horsepower of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what

whether condenslne. or noti-enud. nsiin;. ii - all Ihere. Easy to use. accurate and
oaves time and calculal Ions. Ls-jierunlly useful to eiorineers and dtislgncra. BO cm I*

;K;

,>aiina with

■ IMmtmIm

t -ranches with which the modern eiiL'i rtiLii-l he familiar. Nearly _'IMI qlli-stion- v

their answers on steam ami eleetri.'.il etit-i 'ting, likely to l n - asked by the Enamln-

iiux Board, are included,

Amunf the chapters are: Historical: steam and its properties: appliances for tin
feneration of steam: types of hollers: • hiunioi and its work; heat economy of th*
ft*d wat*r: steam pumps and their work; Incrustation and its work; steam ahon
. 'mosplierie pre. -ore: ilon ,,( steam from nozzles: superheated steam and its w
Hllabatic expansion or steam: Indicate

■, . !'.e "ll^ille- .11 '

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

and Iti theory; triple and multiple expansion engine, tioim lurbine; rr
elevai,, iii'ii i i-usi ill [>- iw..-r : steam ■■ugine troubh

power and electric plants. 487 pagts. 403 engravings, 3d Edition. Prion

STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Gaomuw,

This unique volume or 111 pages Is nut only a catechism on the question and as

principle, bin it contains formulas and worked-out answers (or ill the 8

that appertain I" the u|»r»tion anrl management of tin- Steam Engine.

of variom valves mil i:ilu nr?t i.uli ilvic in in. i|il - of operat'

four Mt ■ ■ -nd Are

propwin ■ ■■■■•■■■ ni.iM.i-.. I lii- calling are within

a most valualilr instructor in rl,. service ipf SI cam Engineering. !
have recommended it aaa valuable agllKfttor for lit... Iicglnneras wells
for the engineer. M is llmrmiithli Ln.i.- v.l i.>r <-i •■•-•■ detail. Every
on the Steam Engine with Its answer is contained in iliis valuable
edition. Price

STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By Colvis-Chenet.

k for tin. steam engineer. Shows how to work I

BOWl " »h> ' Tills '.:■ ■ '. ■

Puis r<m on to all of the little kinks in Ok

i figure around a pn«.T plant. Tells you it*>ut I hi- licai unit

e expansion, ilui i ill i'ii clues; factor of safely; and 1,0 —

thing la plain and simple- -not the hardest way to figure.

and ever vt til Ti i
Second Edit lot

STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION

PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION.
A. G. King.

This hook In the standard and latest work published on the subject and hat been f.i

pared for the use of all engaged in iIih business of -team, hot water heating, a

tlon. It Is an origin Hi and exhaustive work. Telia how la get healing rnntraru

to Install heating and ventilating apparatus, the best business! methods to be n*4

with "Tricks of the l' r ;■ . 1 . ■ in- nlinji use Holes and data for est hunting radial liin

and cost and such tables and information as make It an indtel* i ■-

one Interested in steam, hot water heating, and vmi Nation. It describes all in. pi Im Inst

systems of steam, hot water, vacuum, vapor, and vacuum-vapor heating. I filial

with tile new are. -In n( il sWr-uis ■•! Iiol -m.r rln-iilatlon. Including e hapten at

up-tii-dkt. methods k| i. i.i il-i ml tin- (an or blower "sli-in of he* ting and vrntlkw

tlon Containing chapters on; I Introduction. II. Heat. III. Eioluiinn of
artlflcial heating 'apparatus. IV. Eh -Her surface and sellings. V Thei-im
VI. Pipe ami flttliuts \ 1 1 . Xalvis. various kinds vnl Forms 'if mdlotnig
surfaces. IX. Locating of radiating «urfaces. X. Estimating radiation \
hoaflnir niinarntiis. ,\ 1 1 !■...'.. Mil. Hut-water hcathi* MV.

is of hot-water work. XV. Hot- water appliances. XVI i ire. -i". ,-.:-.
- —4 vacuum exhaust heating. XI
. _.J pipe connections. XX Ventilation. XXI.
Mechanical ventilation ami hot-Mast heat lint. XXII Steam appliance*. XMI1.

Iilstrlcl liiiniiii; X \ I \ I'iii.' iiii.l I, -i ■ ...... .■linss XXV. Temtn-rature reguJalhia

and heat coin:

Rule*, tables and nsclu] iiiiWiiiuiliiu. ;o.T I'Mi-s. JOti detailed engravings. S-c«nd

Edition— Revised. Price J3.0O

STEAM PIPES

STEAM PIPES: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By Wit. H. Bn«ra.

The work Is well Illustrated in
and self-contained sliding joi

""■ chanters on the flow of

ii DMers and users. The pressure strength of pipes

ted in regard to pipe joints, expansion offsets, '!.■■

g joints for taking up I he iak'i.-i"ii nf long pipes In tin.

. if Muni] uud expansion of pipes are moat nhuhi. m all

well treated anil illii.rr,i!.-.l \',iK.- inn! liy-p»sses are fully lllustra'.-!

—* -i are also flange joints and Iheir prope

One of the most valuable chapters If

from naked mil MtH

described, as are also (langc joints and their proper proportions.

— parators. One of the most valuable chapters Is that on superheat... .
r saving of steam by Insulation with (he various kinds of

STEEL

L: ITS SELECTION, ANNEALING, HARDENING AND TEMPERING.
By E. R. Markham.

This work was formerly known as "'The American Steel Worker.' bUI
lint fan or the now. revised edition the publishers deemed it advisable to change n.
— —dtable one. It la the standard work on Hardening. Tetnpertsf

and Annealing Steel of all kinds.

This book tells how to select, and hoi. ._ ..

everything on earth, it doesn't tell how to temper huh class of tools and

arts

«h EDITION. KEM*

STEEL

ITS SELECTION, ANNEALING. HASSBRBB
AND TEMPERING

By E. R- MARKHAM

68 Specially Prepared

Illustrations

PRICE S2.SO

-TUX AHKSlCAif ft

4Ti

i bow to select and to know the steel beat sailed ti

e— — tar the different sleets: bew to lot M Oh* i

■ the way of tools made from steel: how la proceed in tttm i

>. dell* and nsflHas; cotter*: ho* to harden dan and ftsjn*

< to the l iftf l ftft t; about the temper] at at sortasrs, fmns ask

. and other wood-wor' -

sack beatlas s psae e tu. rfcM at heave « «. I

fca Hm rtse. Ui >■ iiuft <wut aiierina 'art fa*

ttrrst?

>iM«i< aaW a — —)

■Saftihr<B*«awaaB« * -«rr — *■■■ » * ow «a^M>

aVnsaWoft »nE <T t— Mfn W n KTe T taBUfO anW

CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS

the treatment of another kind of tool to your Imagination and judgment, hut It gives
careful instructions fur every detail of every tool, whether it bo a tap. a reamer or just
a screw-driver. It tells about the tempering of small watch springs, the hardening of
cutlery, and the annealing of dies. In fact there isn't a thing that a steel worker
would want to know that isn't Included. It Is the standard Ixiok on selecting, harden-
ing, and tempering all grades of steel. Among the chapter headings might be mentioned
the following subjects: Introduction: the workman; steel; methods of heating;
heating tool steel ; forging: annealing; hardening baths; baths for hardening; harden-
ing steel: drawing the t emper after hardening; examples of hardening; pack In
ing; case hardening: Spring tempering : making tools of machine steel; special

steel for various tools: causes of trouble; high speed steels, etc. 400 pages. Very
fully illustrated. Fourth Edition. Price $8.50

HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. By

J. V. Wood worth.

A new work treating in a clear, concise manner all modern process** Tor the

annealing, forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel, making it a book oft

practlcafvalue to the metai- working mechanic in general, with special direction* for tfltf
successful hardening and tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including:

cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches aaddfcL

~bmB

and all kinds of sheet metal working tools, shear blades, saws, fine cutlery.

cutting tools of all description, as well as for all implements of steel both large mi
small. In this work the simplest and most satisfactory hardening and temparlsg
processes are given.

The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented.
and their treatment for working under different conditions explained, also the special
methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands.

A chapter devoted to the different processes for Case-hardening Is also included, and
special reference made to the adoption of machinery steel for tools of various kinds.
Fourth Edition. 2s& pages. 1M1 illustrations. Price $8.50

TRACTORS

THE MODERN GAS TRACTOR. By Victor W. Page.

A complete treatise describing all types and sizes of gasoline, kerosene and oil tractors.
Considers design and construction exhaustively, gives complete Instructions for care,
operation and repair, outlines all practical applications on the road and in the field.
The bunt and latest work on farm tractors and tractor power plants. A work needed
by farmers, students, blacksmiths, mechanics, salesmen, implement dealers, designer;
and engineers. 500 pages. Nearly 300 illustrations and folding plates. Price 32.00

TURBINES

MARINE STEAM TURBINES. IW Dr. G. Bauer and 0. Lasche. Assisted by

E. Ludwig and H. Vogcl. Translated from the Gorman and edited bv M.

G. S. Swallow.

This work forms a supplementary volume to the hook entitled "Marine Engines and
Boilers." The authors or this l>ook. Dr. (i. Bauer and O. Lasche. may be regarded
as the leading authorities on turbine construction.

The hook is essentially practical and discusses turbines In which the full expansion of
fteam passes through a number of separate turbines arranged for driving two or more
f hafts, as in the Parsons system, and turbines in which the complete expansion of
«-ieam from inlet to exhaust pressure occurs in a turbine on one shaft, as In the case of
t he Curtis machines. It will enable a designer to carry out all the ordinary calculation
necessary for the construclon of steam turbines, hence it Alls a want which is hardly
met by larger and more theoretical works.

Numerous tables, curves and diagrams will be found, which explain with remarkable
1 acidity the reason why turbine blades are designed as they are. the course which
«*eam takes through turbines of various types, the thermodynamics of steam turbine
calculation, the influence of \acuuin on strum consumption of steam turbine*, etc. In
a word, the very information which a d<-signer and builder of steam turbines most
riqiiin^. The liook is dixided into parts as follows: 1. Introduction. 2. General
remark* on tin- design of u turbine installation. A. The calculation of steam turbines.
4. Turbine design. fl. Shafting und profilers, rt. Condensing plant. 7. Arrange-
ment of turbines, s. (icnrrul remarks on the arrangement of steam turbines in
steamers. ». Turbine-driven auxiliaries. 10. Tables. Large octavo. 214 pages. Fully
illustrated and containing l.s tables. Including an entropy chart. Price, net . $3.50

WATCHMAKING

WATCHMAKERS' HANDBOOK. Hy C'LArDirs Savnif.r.

This f anion* work has now reached its seventh edition, and there Is no work issued that
r;in compare to it for clearness and completeness. It contains 40S pages and is int«Tid-
t-d as a workshop companion for those enuaged in Watchmaking and allied Mechan-
ical Arts. Nearly '2o0 eugravixigs and fourteen plates are included. Price . $3.00

JUST PUBLISHED

THE MODERN

GAS TRACTOR

By VICTOR W. PAGE, M. E.

Author of "The Modern Csaoline Automobile," Lul

A COMPLETE TREATISE DESCRIBING ALL TYPES AND SIZES OF GASOLINE,
KEROSENE AND OIL TRACTORS. CONSIDERS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
EXHAUSTIVELY, GIVES COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARE, OPERATION
AND REPAIR, OUTLINES ALL PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ON THE ROAD
AND IN THE FIELD. THE BEST AND LATEST WORK ON FARM TRACTORS
AND TRACTOR POWER PLANTS.

480 PAGES -THREE FOLDING PLATES -204 ILLUSTRATIONS
PRICE - - $2.00

A modern exposition in the language of the field showing and describing
every recent improvement in tractors and auxiliary appliances. All money
making far>n<8 use power. Learn how to apply it now.

m. Everything it explained bo limply that ar
nplains fully the reasons for varying demons.

making hints on repair*. It describes all Ignition systems, all types of gasoline and kerosene vapori-
tars and carburetors, latent forms of power plant! and Installation, clutches, speed changing and revers-

parta. Describes tools for tractor repair and givei plans for tractor sheds so they can be used In winter

types and shows simple hitches for working various implements In combination. Describes fully trac-
tors for small farms and orchards as well aa type! of the largest capacity. All Illustrations are plainly
marked with all important psrts indicated so they may be easily identified Drawings are simple but
lit correct proportion. Every illustration has been specially made for this book.

ALL FARMERS, STUDENTS. BLACKSMITHS, MECHANICS, SALESMEN, IM-
PLEMENT DEALERS, DESIGNERS AND ENGINEERS NEED THIS WORK

Written in language understood by all. No technical terms.

COVERS EVERY PHASE OF 1914 TRACTOR ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND
IS SUPERIOR TO ANY TREATISE HERETOFORE PUBLISHED

BOOK EVER OFFERED TO THE PUBLIC!

Henley's Twentieth Century Book of

RECIPES, FORMULAS
AND PROCESSES

Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E.

Price $3.00 Handsome Cloth Binding 54.00 Hall Mortcco fir.fof

800 Lirgt Odin (Bi94) PAGES

Contains over 10,000 Selected] Processes, Formulas and Practical Recipa,
Including hundreds of so-called Trade Secret! for every btutnesi

HOW TO MAKE MOXEY

This new book of processes and formulas is the latest and greatest
compilation of the kind ever published. It is a standard work— an authority—

a "first aid "- ami a "court of last resort " on " Whit to Make and How lo
M.ke It."

It contains more than 10,000 practical recipes and formulas for evervday
e in business, at home or in the factory. Everything you want to make—

. ..i all of its various branches, ; .

Work, etc. Testa for Food Adulterants are fully covered ; how to make flj
paper ; to color flowers artifically ; to estimate weight of ice by measurement ;
to make materials fireproof ; to work with metals— aluminum, brass, etc.; to
make anything and everything, from A to Z.

There is not a home, office, factory, or place of business of any kind that
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peals to the young as well as to the old. Great business enterprises alt owe their
success to the manufacture or sale of some simple invention or compound-
usually the result of an experiment at home. With this latest book of practical
formulas the boy of to-day has a far better opportunity than his father— and
the mother and sisters can develop an industry of their own that will produce
a comfortable income.

We live in the mnst progressive country on the face of the earth. We owe
it to ourselves to advance— to learn— to progress. We can't afford to stand
still. Then learn more, so you can earn more. Profit by the knowledge that
has made others successful. Now is the time— you can't learn younger. Get
this book at once.

lies of this book sent prepaid lo any address on receipt of p
THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO..

1J1 NASSAU STREET, - NEW YORK.

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JVS-T ri BLISHKLl

5 RF.YI5ILD FIIITIOW

How to Run and Install Two and
Four=Cycle Marine

Gasoline Engines

By C. VON CUL1N

Price 25 Cents

Fully Illustrated

1915 REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION

Hark-FlrlD*

<■ .■ii» i-'i i..

Halt* fit's
AdJiuU

Among Some of the Subjects Treated Are:

■ ■! ■:■

l'Viur rv. I.- I:i,-m -
. Qm Engine

<irilliltllK,l'l

IgDltton

1 1 1 1 1 f4 r 1 ■ - -1 K\l i

-T p S]>jirk 1'itU

.Imiil' ^1'iirk Kntiii"
P m:i|> sinirli I'liite
.imiil. Siinrk rini.-j
Mnkr in.l lirnili r..||
Milif .mil Xr.-tik Diiuli.c
Ml-lliv. ]..ur i\v. I.-
\li-fir". Mak.- nrt. I ll».-nk
Misflff (in Sl-.w s,,.-...|
iFnurCv,],,

SMTk l'luu
Spark I'luits
'1'i-itiTiK .lump spurt

lh r--.-f.irt T».. I'll i-
BUUM

I Imlni: llii' S|.nrli
Triiul.ln

iVc. I'lil. l-.ni.-l t.i

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.

132 Nassau Street. New York

1115 EDITION

JU ST PIBI I SHtl)

Gas, Gasoline

AND

Oil Engines

By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E.
Knlara.-.! and Brought Up to Date By VICTOR W. PAGE, M. E.,

640 PAGES— WITH FOLDING PLATES— 435 ILLUSTRATIONS

PRICE $2.50 NET

The 1915 Revised, Enlarged and Entirely New Edition of
this Standard Work, Considers Exhaustively All Types of
Stationary, Marine, Motor Vehicles and Aerial Power Plants

.■.If "I !!"■ i'- .-iiaiiii' In .ir.J.T I,. II,, n ■:,..■ Ill- vulin- r,, !,1- ,■]„,, I. ,i-..|. Till" Murk.
"ritl.'Ii lirllniirlll l".,r II. I- \,\t&- .-In.*, iiiiilniii- limll.T <>l' vit.nl ln[ere*I. Il -lli.iv.

nll tli" lilti'-l n.'Vf iiirrir.-. -.1,1] ,is Tin I'l.-el tn K ln.' i stilt) i ]..,«. v li-l.l.

Hi.- KnL-hl -iliiiii: -I,-..- mi ,ii.- i... unit Hi,- i: rixiitinii ■■rltn.ler ■rro-

liLiiin- (.pp. Il .lel.ills nil Mli' (pTji.-I li-.il ijsiLlllon sv>ti-i»h mul lui-t Is, inclutlliiK

llip h«t till"' mul I. in l.iill. It. i- -luli.. iiiii-i .■njsliii'-. iinil il fi.rnin -if tilgli uixl Ion-

(••iliiiii) i-li'i'trir'i! i-nii i;r..ii|n. 1 1 -Iii.b> tilth mul lnw t.-ti*i..n miigneti.j.

il. —-rllii'- Iwllerv fnfiiis. In.lui-ll..n t-.ill i-i.n-i mil [.,[ .in. i .ill kiml- ..[ ulridK dlHe r H'" - '

(nr -Mtlnmiry. nii.rlr i niit.i in.iti.rs. [i i|iiin.„. ill ih,- lii|nl.l fuels mul their

|.ri.|ir[-tl.'-, slii.ws lm» I., il.llu-l mi. I ii-i- nil t) |M's ..I itiisuHiif 1 k.Tmpnr .nrliiir-

"-is pin-lnn-r i::i- [.kmi- nr -.-.-rll nn.l llliistnit.il Full in»tru,..

All !

e jslven for vhIvp ii

|i|.-1.- . Ii;i|iTi-|- .in i'mkIiii' iiiniiiiKfnirnt. The n|i|,l l.-ii I l.m nf llle tfusi.llne engine In III.-

■ i II.-. i .-v. -I.,. i.i,|'ii|iliiiii,. iiii.iiir limit, prti« inii-dir. mul In (arm ii>.- I-

lulls .1.— -||1,,-.|. Til,- M-uliii ■■ "I- "I t'T- l'..|- 111. --I- h-.-. Ili.-lv ;..-. .

Mil TOO TECHNICAL FOR THE STUDENT— NOT TOO ELEMENTARY FOR TIE ENGINEER.
A PRACTICAL WORK FOR PRACTICAL MEN

l ..il rnglne in.inli,ii

mil i>i».ri>tlnx n

i. [kin,; .ill Units i.i
■ ■siTllH'il. Till' rule.

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.

132 Nassau Street, New York

JUST Ptt BUSK B D

Gasoline Engine ontheFarm

Its Operation, Repair and Uses

527 Pases

By XENO W. PUTNAM

Price $2.00

179 Engravings

nifbi

rl.ii. II I- Hi.- kllnl Dl

1 approdata Jim! fret?

]ii<liiilr~ nrlnl In* th»

ii Mttsti tDatalhtloB, with ebapteta m tnmttaa, thoir
ndln ami how to nml.l tkefp. Tin ....■ nod man
-riu'nf •■! Vu farm tractor 1o plnwlne. linrrowln*. liar

MOM 1 rn™. I jrraillne arc full) caTCndl aba iilain

■ i il. .ii- i.iv lIv.-i. En him .Mini; HM li-m i..r m Af roail.
acta! ,n t. 'iii i. hi i. ftru (<■ rH Irving farm llfr .if it.
ulirrry hy appljlaa power M th" aiaagMIBMa -mull
lb nhl.li must utlienrlw I"' ilvni* bj bmd. Mini

■ii.iiki.I.- mntrlvmi.c r..r , nil In* • 1. mpplrtaj

i'Iii'u. parileD. ami Imrn with mM, loading, liattllna
1 unloading bar, 4*llTertni pain t-> tim liin- ..r rh.'
. Cult illr.Til..ii* f.ir ntttai tlip "njtluF milk n„- con
a ami .'li'aii the (rlBdOWa, etc Vttf fully lllimlrninl
rings i.r working |i"rt- anil .-im « bowing Btattonary, Portable, au<1 Tracts*
Hmt» A t nil kln.l- of farm work.

WHAN [S s Ml. Ml" TIMS iiiiiiK

1 v:ihj„i.

I ii ■■ ! I.

■

irgalj read.-- I'mm and Wane*.

The Norman W. Henley Publishing; Co.

132 Nassau Street. New York

jist riniiMiii>:

MOTORCYCLES, SIDE CARS
AND CYCLECARS

Their Conaf rurdon. Management and Repair

Ml n,.d. >Hu.I>.

PRICE S1.50

i Folding Plate*

.... ,.jnved*T. ..
^11 ictdtion. cubam

fuSy 1 1 pan) h

arlablc speed gears

■.ypcmf free •'wd ■luiidi'- liii'liMi- spi-ed biips and ;

(liven ivm|ili>(t- In-lnh: )'■'!■ fur i.|pirjiiiii: iimi rvpnlilng nil

- ■ ■ ■ Ik-nnni: v.-l-m- nil ry|»- ■■' -it inu r

ehowi leading '"in ml

The pr-o.pn.-ti'
variou. engine, si

us 111 i lii- approved moMf of
■ 1 low i-)'-li- iiower plant- ami
Describe* aU nt in -mint lie
ti.I power i rannnuwlon system..
- -II types. Consider, fully elec-
fmuu-s nml ffftb

u«i and novice rider will find the de.criptio
limy iviirmi ea.y to under, land ; the repair
oublei and operating instruction* invaluable,
and Expert Rider will find thii treatise a wo
without an equal.

The Dealei

For thiisf di"irliiK ti-i-Iiuieal Information u i-omplii.- .rrb i
ita to Mntot In dt-iwimK «.-i' Included. The work nil- liom k

Hull L-i-jrl,- iivi-ri-iinii- air n-slsMmcc mid atmlii lilnh speeds, n iiiom now us •
icar ration for various a-eiwhLa (mil powers, how to lluor.- Iiraklna efUrlenry required.
:ivn size* of li'lt. and chains! to transmit power safely and shown how lodeaiiiri spiwk-
is Ib-Ii. pulleys, etc. This work also inaudea Complete formula* for (Ipuriii* norat
wwrr, *ho widow dynamometer t rat < arc made, detlu.w relative cflici.Ti,-

•ater cooled cumliiiv pi* in ami u mi fri. n.-n in:i'-lrif I iun.li . >t I i.r data ol a prn.-ti-

j|. In-I[ifiil itihIii.'-iiii^ mi : ui . u.-iiii-iiiluT rii;,i y.m u.-i No- liifurmation in addition
Mi.- practical de«-.-lniioii ami Nisiruci joii« i.Mcli alone am worth tev r-
teael Hi.- book.

prl.

THE CHAPTER!] "X CYCLECARS GIVE ALL THE INFORM

TO I'XDKIISTAXD THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF

THIS LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD

OF 8KLF-PROPEI.1.E1) YKHICLES.

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.

132 Nassau Street, New York.

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